NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science

NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle

Types of Rocks • Igneous • Intrusive • Extrusive • Pyroclastic • Sedimentary • Chemical • Precipitates and Evaporites • Fossiliferous • Clastic • Sorted • Unsorted • Metamorphic • Foliated • Unfoliated

Distribution of Elements in the Solar System • Elements in the Sun • Carbonaceous Chondrites • Elements in the Earth’s Core • Elements in the Earth’s Mantle • Elements in the Earth’s Crust • Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Minerals in Earths’ Crust • Oxygen = 46.6 % • Silicon = 27.7 % • Aluminum = 8.1 % • Iron = 5 % • Calcium = 3.6 % • Potassium = 2.8 % • Magnesium = 2.6 % • All Others = 1.5 %

Mineral Identification • Mineral Classes • Silicates • Oxides • Carbonates • Sulfides • Sulphates • Halides • Phosphates • Hydroxides • Native Elements

Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals • Luster • Color and Streak • Hardness • Moh’s Scale of Hardness • Cleavage • Specific Gravity • Special Properties

Rock Texture • Random Crystalline Texture • Clastic Texture • Foliated Texture

Mineralogic Composition • Igneous Minerals • Sedimentary Minerals • Metamorphism • Recrystallization

Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks • Igneous Rocks • Intrusive • Extrusive • Pyroclastic • Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic • Nonclastic • Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated • Unfoliated

Igneous Rock Texture • Phaneritic • Coarse-Grained • Medium-Grained • Fine-Grained • Aphanitic • Glassy • Vesicular • Pyroclastic • Porphyritic

Igneous Mineral Composition • Felsic • Granite • Rhyolite • Mafic • Basalt • Gabbro • Intermediate • Diorite • Andesite

Bowen’s Reaction Series • Continuous Reaction Series • Discontinuous Reaction Series

Using Texture and Mineralogic Characteristics to Identify Igneous Rocks • Phaneritic • Amount of Quartz • Amount and Type of Feldspar • Ferromagnesian Minerals • Aphanitic • Texture • Color • Porphyritic • Phenocrysts

Sedimentary Rocks • Sediment Formation • Mechanical and Chemical Weathering • Sediment Transport • Water, Ice, Wind and Gravity • Sediment Deposition • Environment of Deposition

Environment of Deposition • Non-marine • Terrigenous • Lacustrine • Marine • Littoral • Pelagic • Transitional

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • Sorting • Grain Size • Boulders • Pebbles • Sand • Silt • Clay • Rounding

Classification by Grain Size • Unsorted • Conglomerate • Breccia • Sorted • Quartz Sandstone • Arkose • Graywacke • Siltstone • Shale

BioClastic Sedimentary Rocks • Micritic Limestone • Pelletal Limestone • Oolitic Limestone • Chalk • Fossiliferous Limestone • Coquina

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Precipitates • Limestone • Dolomite • Travertine • Chert • Evaporites • Gypsum • Halite

Other Compositions • Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks • Dolomite • Coal

Sedimentary Structures • Cross-Stratification • Graded Bedding • Ripple-Marks • Mud Cracks

Metamorphic Processes • Recrystallization • Crystallization • Rotation

Metamorphic Mineral Composition • Pelitic • Shale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss • Arenaceous • Granite to Schist to Gneiss • Mafic • Andesite to Schist to Gneiss • Calcareous • Limestone to Marble

Conditions of Metamorphism • Contact Metamorphism • Regional Metamorphism

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated • Slate • Phyllite • Schist • Gneiss • Unfoliated • Marble • Quartzite

Rock Cycle redux

Quiz • 1. T or F, rocks are made of minerals. • 2. T or F, igneous rocks are made of the weathered pieces of other rocks. • 3. T or F, a conglomerate is a sedimentary rock made up of various sized pieces. • 4. T or F, marble is an example of a foliated metamorphic rock. • 5. T or F, any type of rock can be converted into any other type of rock by various geologic processes.

NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science