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MENG 372 Mechanical Systems Spring 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa American University in Cairo Mechanical Engineering Department

MENG 372 Mechanical Systems Spring 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa American University in Cairo Mechanical Engineering Department mharafa@aucegypt.edu. Course Information. Course goals: Analyze & design planar mechanisms Analyze forces, velocities & accelerations in machines

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MENG 372 Mechanical Systems Spring 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa American University in Cairo Mechanical Engineering Department

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  1. MENG 372 Mechanical Systems Spring 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa American University in Cairo Mechanical Engineering Department mharafa@aucegypt.edu

  2. Course Information • Course goals: • Analyze & design planar mechanisms • Analyze forces, velocities & accelerations in machines • Use computers for the above • Textbook: Design of Machinery, R.Norton, McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed., 2004. • Computer usage: Working Model, MATLAB • Grading: attendance 5%; homework 10%; quizzes 5%; mid-term exams 30%; projects 25%; final exam 25% • Lecture notes: will be posted my website. I will communicate with you on BlackBoard. Additional material will also be covered on the board. Please print out the notes beforehand & bring them to class.

  3. MENG 372Chapter 2Kinematics Fundamentals All figures taken from Design of Machinery, 3rd ed. Robert Norton 2003

  4. 2.1 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) or Mobility DOF: Number of independent parameters (measurements) needed to uniquely define position of a system in space at any instant of time. • Rigid body in a plane has 3 DOF: x,y,q • Rigid body in space has 6 DOF (3 translations & 3 rotations)

  5. 2.2 Types of Motion Pure rotation: the body possesses one point (center of rotation) that has no motion with respect to the “stationary” frame of reference. All other points move in circular arcs. Pure translation: all points on the body describe parallel (curvilinear or rectilinear) paths. Complex motion: a simultaneous combination of rotation and translation.

  6. Backhoe Excavator

  7. Slider-Crank Mechanism

  8. 2.3 Links, joints, and kinematic chains Links: rigid member having nodes Node: attachment points Binary link: 2 nodes Ternary link: 3 nodes Quaternary link: 4 nodes Joint: connection between two or more links (at their nodes) which allows motion Classified by type of contact, number of DOF, type of physical closure, or number of links joined

  9. Joint Classification Type of contact: line, point, surface Number of DOF: full joint=1DOF, half joint=2DOF Form closed (closed by geometry) or Force closed (needs an external force to keep it closed) Joint order = number of links-1

  10. Types of joints

  11. Kinematic chains, mechanisms, machines, link classification Kinematic chain: links joined together for motion Mechanism: grounded kinematic chain Machine: mechanism designed to do work Link classification: Ground: fixed w.r.t. reference frame Crank: pivoted to ground, makes complete revolutions Rocker: pivoted to ground, has oscillatory motion Coupler: link has complex motion, not attached to ground

  12. Determining Degrees of Freedom For simple mechanisms calculating DOF is simple Closed Mechanism DOF=1 Open Mechanism DOF=3

  13. Determining Degrees of Freedom Two unconnected links: 6 DOF (each link has 3 DOF) When connected by a full joint: 4 DOF (each full joint eliminates 2 DOF) Gruebler’s equation for planar mechanisms: DOF = 3L-2J-3G Where: L: number of links J: number of full joints G: number of grounded links

  14. 2.4 Determining DOF’s Gruebler’s equation for planar mechanisms M=3L-2J-3G Where M = degree of freedom or mobility L = number of links J = number of full joints (half joints count as 0.5) G = number of grounded links =1

  15. Example

  16. Example

  17. 2.5 Mechanisms and Structures Mechanism: DOF>0 Structure: DOF=0 Preloaded Structure – DOF<0, may require force to assemble

  18. 2.7 Paradoxes Greubler criterion does not include geometry, so it can give wrong prediction We must use inspection E-quintet

  19. 2.10 Intermittent Motion Series of Motions and Dwells Dwell: no output motion with input motion Examples: Geneva Mechanism, Linear Geneva Mechanism, Ratchet and Pawl

  20. Geneva Mechanism

  21. Linear Geneva Mechanism

  22. Ratchet and Pawl

  23. -1 0 1 Fourbar Mechanism • Twobar has -1 degrees of freedom (preloads structure) • Threebar has 0 degrees of freedom (structure) • Fourbar has 1 degree of freedom • The fourbar linkage is the simplest possible pin-jointed mechanism for single degree of freedom controlled motion

  24. 4-Bar Nomenclature • Ground Link • Links pivoted to ground: • Crank • Rocker • Coupler Link 3, length b B Coupler Link 4, length c A Link 2, length a Rocker Crank Link 1, length d Ground Link Pivot 02 Pivot 04

  25. Where would you see 4-bar mechanisms?

  26. Sheet Metal Shear (Mechanical Workshop)

  27. Sheet Metal Shear (Mechanical Workshop)

  28. Door Mechanism (ACMV Lab)

  29. Door Mechanism (ACMV Lab)

  30. Backhoe Excavator

  31. Brake of a Wheelchair Folding sofa

  32. Honda Accord trunk Chevy Cobalt Garage door Desk Lamp

  33. Inversions • Created by attaching different links to ground • Different behavior for different inversions

  34. Inversions of a 4-Bar Mechanism Crank-rocker Crank-rocker Rocker-rocker Crank-crank

  35. 2.12 The Grashof Condition Grashof condition predicts behavior of linkage based only on length of links S=length of shortest link L=length of longest link P,Q=length of two remaining links If S+L ≤ P+Q the linkage is Grashof :at least one link is capable of making a complete revolution Otherwise the linkage is non-Grashof : no link is capable of making a complete revolution

  36. For S+L<P+Q Crank-rocker if either link adjacent to shortest is grounded Double crank if shortest link is grounded Double rocker if link opposite to shortest is grounded

  37. For S+L>P+Q All inversions will be double rockers No link can fully rotate

  38. For S+L=P+Q (Special case Grashof) All inversions will be double cranks or crank rockers Linkage can form parallelogram or antiparallelogram Often used to keep coupler parallel (drafting machine) Parallelogram form Deltoid form Anti parallelogram form

  39. Problems with Special Grashof • All inversions have change points twice per revolution of input crank when all links become collinear • Behavior at change points is indeterminate • If used in continuous machine, must have some mechanism to “carry through”

  40. 2.13 Linkages of more than 4 bars 5-bar 2DOF Geared 5-bar 1DOF • Provide more complex motion • See Watt’s sixbar and Stephenson’s sixbar mechanisms in the textbook

  41. Linkages of more than 4 bars Volvo 740 Hood

  42. Volvo 740 Hood

  43. Animation using Working Model ®

  44. Cabinet Hinge

  45. 2.15 Compliant Mechanisms Compliant “link” capable of significant deflection acts like a joint Also called a “living hinge” Advantage: simplicity, no assembly, little friction

  46. More Examples: Front End Loader

  47. Drum Brake

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