E. Site Selection and Building Utilization

1. E. Site Selection and Building Utilization Group members: YingGuo Whitney Ashley Adam Nichols Zachary Line John Rivera D.J. Bryant

2. Outline • Site selection/orientation • Classical Parthenon Utilization • Building Utilization: Christian Church • Building Utilization: Cathedral-Explosion • Building Utilization: Explosion-1800 • Modern Era Parthenon: 1800-Present

3. Site Selection and Orientation of the Parthenon Presenters: ZacharyLine and D.J. Bryant

5. Present Day

6. Determining Factors • 1. Historical significance of the Acropolis • “This place is really old!” • 2. Greek standards concerning temple orientation • “I really think it would improve the feng shui of the area if we locate the Parthenon just south of the Erechtheion—umkay” • 3. Greek ideals on how to perceive architecture. • “Oblique perspectives rock!”

7. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • Acropolis—long and rich history • Ideal location • Shallow caves, abundant water supplies, and natural protection from invaders • First inhabitants: Neolithic man • Marble and terracotta figurines • Mycenaean Period • Fortified citadel • Palatial megaron (?)

8. Plan of Acropolis Late Bronze Age

9. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • Mycenaean remains: limestone column base, pottery fragments, vases, cyclopean walls. • Late Geometric Period: • Concept of polis—the city-state • Side effect: self-definition • Medium: Architecture • 700-650 BCE- first temple to Athena Polias • Limestone column bases • South of Erechtheion under Dörpfeld foundations • Not much known

10. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • 560 BCE—the “Bluebeard temple” • 1st Monumental Temple • Doric order • Sculptures pediments—name • 40m x 20m • Location ? • Trash pile

11. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis Bluebeard Temple Location (?)

12. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • 506 BCE (?)—Archaios Neos • Major military victory • Doric temple, limestone w/ marble accents • 43m x 21m • > Grandiose • Dörpfeld foundation

13. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis Dörpfeld Foundation

14. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • 489-490 BCE—Older Parthenon • Largest temple attempted on mainland Greece • Located south of Erechtheion @ precipice. • 70m x 26m • Pentelic Marble • > Grandiose • Mini Periklean Parthenon • Never completed

15. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis

16. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • 480 BCE—Persians sack Acropolis • Oath of Plataia • Fight to death, loyal, leave ruins of temples • Testament to Persian’s impiety/memorial • Dörpfeld foundation—never redeveloped • Older Parthenon—incorporated into Periklean Parthenon • Save money • Symbolic gesture

17. 1. Historical Significance of the Acropolis • Recap • Polis—self-definition • Medium: architecture • Athenian enamored with Acropolis • Parthenon: one in a line of many • Crowning glory

18. 2. Greek Temple Orientation • City Atop a hill • Temple to Athena • Standards for location • Hierarchy clearly established

19. 3. Greek Perception of Architecture • No true eastern orientation • Northeastern orientation • Architectural nuances • Celestial alignment (?) • Sergei Eisenstein • Montage and architecture • Oblique perspective

20. Classical Parthenon Utilization • Temple or Treasury? • No altar • Lockable east and west entrance • Orientation • Not mentioned in classical writings

21. Building Utilization: Christian Church Presenter: Whitney Ashley

22. Plague of 746 and steady drift of skilled craftsmen to Constantinople which allowed more or less inhabited areas which is can be targeted towards colonization. It never went into total decline because Athenians did have a few rules about financial liabilities, emperor’s, and armed forces. But one high officials got a little too carried away with his actions and was stoned too death at the altar of Athen’s cathedral church. • The building was the first to be dedicated to the Holy Wisdom or the Virgin Mary of Athens. Athena the war god had been replaced by the Virgin Mother of God Replaced by

23. Structural Changes • Christian church had to be facing East which meant of inserting a monumental entrance at the west side of the building. • The western cella became the narthex, and the eastern chamber became the pronaos where the eastern side of the pronaos had to be expanded into an apse to contain the altar • The east pediment, the one portraying the birth of Athena was removed and destroyed. • Lateral windows were pierced through the outer walls of the cella and the Doric columns of the peristyle were linked by a low wall. • Coffered roof was replaced by vaulting, and an iconostasis (a partition or screen on which icons are placed, separating the sanctuary from the main part of the church) was raised before the altar. • Apse was decorated with a mosaic honoring • the Virgin Mary, and interior was filled with Byzantine • frescoes.

24. 1204 the 4th Crusade burst upon to originally to recover Jerusalem from the Turk but instead captures Constantinople instead and parcel out it’s imperial possessions as baronial fiefs.The next two and half century Athens was held in turn by Franks, Catalans, and Florentines and the classical past was almost totally forgotten.It was converted to Latin rite and rename Notre Dame d’Athenes so this allowed much of the past to be forgotten.Then the Italian traveler Niccolo de Martoni main interest was upon Christian relics. With all this said the main function of the Acropolis during this time was as a defense structure.

25. After two centuries of exile, Orthodoxy was reestablished in the territory ruled by the dutchy – although the Parthenon remained a Catholic cathedral. By this time ancient Athens had been destroyed but by this time the process of rediscovery had at least begun where credit to this is due to the enlightened Florentine regime. In the 15th century, the Turkish penetrated the Balkans and occupying the Thessaly in 1393. Then Mohammed II deposed them and made a triumphal entry into the city. He was far from typical Turkish ruler who could not only speak Greek but was also known a lot about Athens’s glorious past. He also understood the counterweight to Western influence was the encouragement of Greek Orthodoxy. This led to almost four hundred years of Turkish occupation. But Ottoman toleration had limits and few Turkish rulers were as enlightened as Mohammed. Around 1456, abortive attempt to restore the duchy led the Parthenon’s last religious transformation which is into a mosque.

26. Building Utilization: Cathedral to Explosion Presenter: Ying Guo

27. 1456 During Ottoman rule Turkey turned the Parthenon into amosque. Also aminaret was added to the Parthenon, and its base and stairway are still functional, leading up as high as the architrave and hence invisible from the outside. Otherwise, the Ottomans did not further modify the building.

28. As well as providing a visual cue to a Muslim community, the call to prayer is traditionally given from the top of the minaret. • In some of the oldest mosques, minarets originally served as watchtowers illuminated by torches

29. Kept from Cathedral: • Phiale • Ciborium • Synthronon • Episcopal Throne • Box shaped repositories for Sacred Vessels • Still has Virgin Mary Mosaic still visible

30. Removed from church to Mosque: • Bell tower • Presbytery screen • High altar • Altars in the side apses

31. 1687 • Parthenon suffered its greatest blow when the Venetians under Francesco Morosini attacked Athens, and the Ottomans fortified the Acropolis and used the building as a gunpowder magazine • On September 26tha Venetian mortar, fired from the Hill of Philopappus, blew the magazine up and Parthenon was partly destroyed

32. Southern side of Parthenon damaged in1687became roofless ruin

33. After this the building fell into disuse.

34. Parthenon Morphosis Cathedral Church Mosque

35. Building Utilization: Explosion-1800 CE Presenter: John Rivera

36. Damage Theories Not all damage occurs during the explosion in 1687 Secondary damage also occurred Nature Looting Occurred with various parts of the Parthenon Columns Minaret

37. Post 1687 • The Venetians left the Acropolis because it had no strategic value • Turks moved back in • First signs of tourism • Jean Giraud – Scholar who gave tours • Looting and damage from the explosion cleared the area for the new Mosque

38. 1700-1750 • Function of the building shifts • Research area • 1707- Atene Attica published by F. Fanelli • Word of Parthenon and its glorious elements reaches Europe

39. 1750-1800 • Function remains the same (research area) but additional function • Functioned as inspiration for Europeans • Many different European Scholars and painters record statues and dimensions of Parthenon • Important: • Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la grece • Drawings of Dalton, Stuart and Revett, J.D. Le Roy, and Gell – No Mosque

40. Modern Era Parthenon: 1800-Present Presenter: Adam Nichols Stolen treasures and Inter-Country Debate

41. A Train Ride To London -Between 1801 and 1807 Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, with the “alleged” consent of the then Ottoman rulers, transported many of the remaining statues to London -Two centuries later the validity of the consent given by the Ottoman rulers is still in question.

42. Elginism • This term was coined after Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. • The term is defined by Elginism.com to mean: An act of Cultural Vandalism. • This seems only fitting since it was Bruce who procured the “Elgin Marbles” between 1801 and 1805 from the Parthenon and brought them back to London where they now reside in the Duveen Gallery in the British Museum

43. A Debate that Will Not be Forgotten • The debate over the Elgin Marbles still rages on today. • In 1999, there were talks between Greece and Great Britain on the subject • Bill Clinton offered to mediate, though not used.

44. Reasons For the Marbles to stay with Britain -Lord Elgin had impeccable legal title to the marbles because the Ottomans, who ruled Greece at the time, gave him permission to take them; -Britain deserves the marbles because Elgin's taking of them preserved them from looters, collectors and air pollution; the marbles are now part of its patrimony; -They are moreaccessible in London than they would be if they were in Athens; -Greece is not prepared to take adequate care of the marbles -Returning them would set a bad precedent, resulting in the emptying of exhibition halls of the world's great museums.

45. Reasons For the Marbles to be returned to Greece • The Ottomans lacked moral authority to alienate public monuments. • The removal of the marbles caused irreparable damage to the structure of the Parthenon. • The return of the marbles to Athens will facilitate scholarly study. • The great museums of the industrialized West cannot turn a deaf ear to all claims for the important remains of a heritage merely because such claims threaten established collections.