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The Civil Rights Era

Woolworth sit-In, North Carolina, 1960. Woolworth sit-In, Mississippi, 1963. The Civil Rights Era. Jim Crow Laws. Restricted marriage, voting, and working rights. Civil Rights under President Eisenhower. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

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The Civil Rights Era

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  1. Woolworth sit-In, North Carolina, 1960 Woolworth sit-In, Mississippi, 1963 The Civil Rights Era

  2. Jim Crow Laws • Restricted marriage, voting, and working rights

  3. Civil Rights under President Eisenhower • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” --Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren

  4. Southern Reaction Against Brown v. Board of Education • 80% of White southerners opposed ruling • KKK Revival • De-segregation not enforced

  5. Little Rock 9, 1957 • Central Rock High School, Little Rock, Arkansas • Governor Faubus had National Guard block entrance • Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers to protect the 9 students

  6. Watch PBS documentary “Eyes on the Prize” from 5:52 – 30:00

  7. Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dec. 1955 – Dec. 1956 • 40,000 African American daily bus riders in Montgomery, Alabama • Rosa Parks, NAACP member • Dr. Martin Luther King led bus boycott • Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation

  8. Civil Rights Under JFK • Birmingham/ Bombingham, 1963 • Police Commissioner “Bull” Conner

  9. Dr. King’s March on Washington • Intended to pressure JFK, 1963

  10. Civil Rights Under LBJ • LBJ promoted the Civil Rights Act as a legacy to honor assassinated JFK

  11. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Ended legal segregation • Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • Did not address voting rights

  12. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Ended literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses • Registered black voters in the South increased by 2 million

  13. Civil Rights After 1964

  14. Black Power Movement • Rejected Dr. King’s slow-paced nonviolence & rejected white cooperation • Black Power philosophy influenced by Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael

  15. Malcolm X • Converted to Nation of Islam in jail • Based in the Northern U.S. • Broke with Elijah Muhammad upon return from Mecca • Killed on February 21, 1965

  16. Black Panthers • Founded in California, 1966

  17. Dr. King’s Assassination • Assassinated in Memphis, April 4, 1968

  18. Urban Riots, 1965 – 1970 • Civil Rights Movement in the South raised expectations in Northern cities • 1964 = Harlem, Rochester, Jersey City, Philadelphia • 1965 = Watt’s Riot lasted 6 days, 34 dead, $40 million in damages • 1966 = Chicago, Milwaukee, SF, Cleveland, Dayton • TOTAL = 250 deaths, 10,000 injuries, 60,000 arrests

  19. Chicano Civil Rights Movement • Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers into unions • 5 million migrant farm workers in U.S. in 1960s • National Labor Relations Act of 1935 did not allow farm workers to join labor unions • No minimum wage, no Social Security benefits • Chavez used King and Gandhi’s strategy of nonviolence

  20. Grape Boycott • 1962: Chavez formed National Farm Workers/United Farm Workers • 1965: First boycott of California’s grapes gained national attention to poor living conditions • Chavez went on 25 day hunger strike • 5 year boycott ended with U.F.W. contract in 1970

  21. The Brown Berets • March 1968: 10,000 students walked out of L.A high schools to protest poor education quality • “Brown Berets” influenced Chicano Studies, Puerto Rican Studies departments in colleges • Women discouraged from participating

  22. The American Indian Movement • 1960s & 1970s = 70% of Indians located on reservations • 1968 = (AIM) American Indian Movement founded to create economic opportunities on reservations & stop police harassment

  23. Capture of Alcatraz Island, 1969 • 1969 = 78 AIM members captured former federal prison Alcatraz Island • Treaty stated abandoned federal land belonged to American Indians • Occupation lasted 1.5 years until 1971

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