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Explore assessment tensions in higher education, delving into functions, formative vs. summative approaches, quality, validity, format, and scope. Analyze the baffling insularity of assessment practices.
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Not invented here: the baffling insularity of assessment practices in higher educationDylan Wiliamwww.dylanwiliam.net Keynote presentation at the University of London External System’s 150th anniversary Assessment Symposium
Overview: some assessment tensions • Function • Formative versus summative • Quality • Validity versus reliability • Format • Multiple-choice versus constructed response • Scope • Continuous versus one-off
A statement of the blindlingly obvious • You can’t work out how good something is until you know what it’s intended to do… • Function, then quality
Formative and summative • Descriptions of • Instruments • Purposes • Functions An assessment functions formatively when evidence about student achievement elicited by the assessment is interpreted and used to make decisions about the next steps in instruction that are likely to be better, or better founded, than the decisions they would have taken in the absence of that evidence.
Gresham’s law and assessment • Usually (incorrectly) stated as “Bad money drives out good” • “The essential condition for Gresham's Law to operate is that there must be two (or more) kinds of money which are of equivalent value for some purposes and of different value for others” (Mundell, 1998) • The parallel for assessment: Summative drives out formative • The most that summative assessment (more properly, assessment designed to serve a summative function) can do is keep out of the way
Validity • Traditional definition: a property of assessments • A test is valid to the extent that it assesses what it purports to assess • Key properties (content validity) • Relevance • Representativeness • “Trinitarian” doctrines of validity • Content validity • Criterion-related validity • Concurrent validity • Predictive validity • Construct validity
Validity • Validity is a property of inferences, not of assessments • “One validates, not a test, but an interpretation of data arising from a specified procedure” (Cronbach, 1971; emphasis in original) • The phrase “A valid test” is therefore a category error (like “A happy rock”) • No such thing as a valid (or indeed invalid) assessment • No such thing as a biased assessment • Reliability is a pre-requisite for validity • Talking about “reliability and validity” is like talking about “swallows and birds” • Validity includes reliability
Modern conceptions of validity “Validity is an integrative evaluative judgment of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationales support the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test scores or other modes of assessment” (Messick, 1989 p. 13) • Validity subsumes all aspects of assessment quality • Reliability • Representativeness (content coverage) • Relevance • Predictiveness
Meanings and consequences • Adverse social consequences … are not in themselves indicative of invalidity(Messick, 1989, p. 89) • Right concern, wrong concept (Popham, 1997)
Threats to validity • Inadequate reliability • Construct-irrelevant variance • Differences in scores are caused, in part, by differences not relevant to the construct of interest • The assessment assesses things it shouldn’t • The assessment is “too big” • Construct under-representation • Differences in the construct are not reflected in scores • The assessment doesn’t assess things it should • The assessment is “too small” • With clear construct definition all of these are technical—not value—issues • But they interact strongly…
Item formats • “No assessment technique has been rubbished quite like multiple choice, unless it be graphology” Wood, 1991, p. 32) • Myths about multiple-choice items • They are biased against females • They assess only candidates’ ability to spot or guess • They test only lower-order skills
Mathematics 2 • What can you say about the means of the following two data sets? • Set 1: 10 12 13 15 • Set 2: 10 12 13 15 0 • The two sets have the same mean. • The two sets have different means. • It depends on whether you choose to count the zero.
Mathematics 3 Which of the shapes below contains a dotted line that is also a diagonal?
Science • The ball sitting on the table is not moving. It is not moving because: • no forces are pushing or pulling on the ball. • gravity is pulling down, but the table is in the way. • the table pushes up with the same force that gravity pulls down • gravity is holding it onto the table. • there is a force inside the ball keeping it from rolling off the table Wilson & Draney, 2004
OU S354: Understanding space & time • Below are five statements about the cosmic background radiation of our Universe. Select two options that are correct, according to the standard model of the Universe. • The microwave radiation collected on Earth is dominated by signals of cosmic origin • The total energy of the cosmic background radiation is currently much greater than that of matter • In a closed universe, the cosmic background radiation would eventually appear as visible light • The temperature of the cosmic background radiation was equal to that of the matter in the Universe until the appearance of galaxies • The number of photons in the cosmic background radiation has remained approximately constant since the era of decoupling
English • Where would be the best place to begin a new paragraph? No rules are carved in stone dictating how long a paragraph should be. However, for argumentative essays, a good rule of thumb is that, if your paragraph is shorter than five or six good, substantial sentences, then you should reexamine it to make sure that you've developed the ideas fully. A Do not look at that rule of thumb, however, as hard and fast. It is simply a general guideline that may not fit some paragraphs. B A paragraph should be long enough to do justice to the main idea of the paragraph. Sometimes a paragraph may be short; sometimes it will be long. C On the other hand, if your paragraph runs on to a page or longer, you should probably reexamine its coherence to make sure that you are sticking to only one main topic. Perhaps you can find subtopics that merit their own paragraphs. D Think more about the unity, coherence, and development of a paragraph than the basic length. E If you are worried that a paragraph is too short, then it probably lacks sufficient development. If you are worried that a paragraph is too long, then you may have rambled on to topics other than the one stated in your topic sentence.
English 2 • In a piece of persuasive writing, which of these would be the best thesis statement? • The typical TV show has 9 violent incidents • There is a lot of violence on TV • The amount of violence on TV should be reduced • Some programs are more violent than others • Violence is included in programs to boost ratings • Violence on TV is interesting • I don’t like the violence on TV • The essay I am going to write is about violence on TV
History • Why are historians concerned with bias when analyzing sources? • People can never be trusted to tell the truth • People deliberately leave out important details • People are only able to provide meaningful information if they experienced an event firsthand • People interpret the same event in different ways, according to their experience • People are unaware of the motivations for their actions • People get confused about sequences of events
Automated scoring technologies High-order simulations e-rater m-rater Skill level assessed c-rater Multiple-choice items Low-order structured unstructured evidence structure
Continuous vs. one-off assessment • Continuous assessment • Pros • High validity (including reliability) • Reduced stress (for some students) • Cons • Comparability of work done at different times • Questions about the accumulation of learning over the programme • One-off assessment • Pros • Synoptic • Comparability issues minimized • Cons • Limited validity (especially reliability) • Stressful for some students (construct-irrelevant variance)
The challenge • To design an assessment system that is: • Distributed • So that evidence collection is not undertaken entirely at the end • Synoptic • So that learning has to accumulate • Extensive • So that all important aspects are covered (breadth and depth) • Manageable • So that costs are proportionate to benefits • Trusted • So that stakeholders have faith in the outcomes
The minimal take-aways… • No such thing as a summative assessment • No such thing as a reliable test • No such thing as a valid test • No such thing as a biased test • “Validity including reliability”
