1: Describe the various health issues facing Australia’s youth

1. 1: Describe the various health issues facing Australia’s youth • Mental health: Mental health refers to how well a person functions in relation to their thought, feelings and behaviours. • Asthma: Asthma a long term- respiratory condition that affects the small air passages of lungs, resulting in difficulties in breathing it certain triggers such as cigarette smoke, exercise and dust to dust mites make it hard for them to breath. • Diabetes: Diabetes A group of different conditions in which there is too much glucose in the blood

2. Overweight: overweight can contribute to premature death and chronic disease youth can be caused by excess fatty food intake and no enough energy expenditure exercise. • Underweight: Underweight can also cause many health issues. Eating disorders are most common experienced by adolescent females, with the average age for the onset of an eating disorder being 17 years old. In 10 young people diagnosed with anorexia being male and females will satisfy the criteria for anorexia. • Alcohol: alcohol is the highest consumed drug for 14-19 year old. It can cause health problem such as bowel, central nervous system and psychological problem it put young people at risk whist driving, assault, fall and unprotected sex.

3. Tobacco: Tobacco is the most commonly used of drug in Australia aged 14 and over smoking causes respiratory illnesses, cancers and premature death. • Illicit drug: Illicit drug a large number of Australia aged 14 years and over have used illicit drugs this can cause heath problem such as organ, nervous system damage psychological problem, mental health can brought on by drug use. • Sun protection: Sun protection Australia has one of the world highest rates of skin cancer.it is well known that over-exposure to the sun in the first 15 years of life is a major factor for the development of skin cancer.

4. Sexual and reproductive health: Sexual health is the capacity to enjoy and manage sexual reproductive behaviour I accordance with social and personal ethic. Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence if disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes • Food allergies: food allergy is an abnormal immune response to a specific part of a food however food allergies can be fatal and are a serious issue for many Australians. • Homelessness: Bullying a physical or verbal act that seeks to deliberately cause physical or psychological harm so distress to another person. • Cyber safety: Bullying has been reported as one of the most serious concerns for youth in schools today and cyber- bullying is the most prevalent among 11 to 16 years olds. Cyber-safety is a relatively new issue and with the developments in technology and rate of access to computers and mobiles for young people increasing, the prevalence of cases of cyber-bullying is increasing rapidly.

5. Risk and protective factor: Risk factors are physical, social and emotional risks that have a negative impact on health, for example smoking tobacco as an adolescent. However Protective factor is something that have a positive in a person’s life that helps them deal with challenges more effectively for example problem solving, being optimistic, school achievement, strong relationships and being confidence.

6. Sun protection - describe the key features of this health issue for Australia’s youth • Australia has one of the world’s highest rates of skin cancer. 300 Victorian’s die each year from skin cancer. 95% of skin cancer is preventable through using sun protection. Tanning and sunburn increase skin cancer risks. Not all Youth protect themselves from sun damaging. 24 % of Australian youth get sunburnt every weekend during summer. Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer for youth. Melanoma only has a 20% survival rate. A person can get it at any age, but usually people aged 10-24 years are the most at risk. Melanoma is the most common skin cancer. First it will appear as a spot that changes colour, shape and sizes. It can become worse if it is not noticed early enough to be treated.

7. Skin cancer’s impact on all dimensions of health and development • Social health & development: Many young people love to spend time in the sun. In some friendship group people might spend time on the sun without sun protection thing like hat, clothing, sun glasses and sun cream to protect themselves from getting sunburnt or skin cancer. This may make some people feel that they need to do the same to fit in their friendship group. This may affect a young person’s social health and development. • Physical health &development: A lack of sun protection may lead to skin cancer. Skin cancer can detract from young person’s physical health. Skin cancer often needs to be removed through surgery; however surgery may not remove all of the cancer cells. In this case the patient may require another treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Although this treatment may help the patient recover, they may also hinder a young person’s physical development.

8. Emotional health & development: Skin damage caused by lack of sun protection may have negative visual effects on the Australian youth. Scarring caused by skin cancer removal may affect a young person’s self-esteem and self-concept, perhaps making them too shy or embarrassed to form new relationships. This can have negative impacts on a person’s emotional health and development by reducing their chance to build self-confidence and possibly causing high stress or anxiety over their looks because of negative experiences with people. • Intellectual health & development: Skin cancer caused by a lack of sun protection may lead to difficulties in intellectual development. A young person with cancer may have less concentration in class or take more days off school then their peers because of stress and illness that the cancer and its treatment causes them. This can reduce the ability to pay attention or attend school, and may hinder a young person’s intellectual development due to them having fewer chances to learn and practice new skills.

9. The incidence and prevalence of skin cancer • The prevalence of young Australian’s using sun protection is difficult to measure. However, the prevalence of young people with skin cancer caused by the lack sun protection is easier to measure. In those aged 15-44 years, melanoma is the most common kind of skin cancer. Anyone can be at risk of developing skin cancer, though the risk increases as you get older. The majority of skin cancers in Australia are caused by exposure to UV radiation in sunlight. This can be prevented by using sun protection.

10. Determinates of health that act as risk and or protective factors • Biological determinants: • Race - dark skinned people are less susceptible to skin cancer than people with light skin because the melanin which gives skin its colour protects skin from UV radiation. The darker a person’s skin, the more protection they have from this melanin, meaning that they are less likely to suffer damage from the sun which may cause skin cancer. • Behavioural determinants: • Importance placed on health - Not everyone sees their health as important. If a person doesn’t care about how healthy they are, they may ignore sun protection messages. If sun protection isn’t used, a person may be more likely to get skin cancer. • Physical environment • Climate – A person living in a place that has high UV radiation from the sun us more likely to get skin cancer than a person living in low UV radiation. Weather also plays a part, because if a person spends lots of time outdoors in clothes such as shorts and singlets, their skin is more exposed to skin cancer causing radiation.

11. Government, community and personal program or strategies • A healthy community depends on the active involvement of its members. The boarder the involvement in relation to health issues and challenges, the more responsive the community can be the needs and interests of its member. Personal strategies there are many government and community program that focus on promoting and improving the health and development of youth. However individual also have to be responsible for their own health. Personal strategies also help to support and maintain good health status. Personal strategies for health promotion there are number of strategies that a young person can undertake to help promote their health and development this include: understanding health issues affecting youth enabling informed decision making and health empowerment, gaining knowledge on health, health issues and how to maintain good health and also taking responsibility for one’s own actions and health behaviours.