Introduction to Virology

1. Introduction to Virology Dr. Sudheer Kher

2. Viral Diseases

4. LA Headlines

5. Arboviral Encephalitisin Louisiana Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Office of Public Health Louisiana Dept of Health & Hospitals ...Your Taxes at Work… 504-568-5005 or 1-800-256-2748

6. SARS Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Paul A. Rota 1*, M. Steven Oberste 1, Stephan S. Monroe 1, W. Allan Nix 1, Ray Campagnoli 1, Joseph P. Icenogle 1, Silvia Peñaranda 1, Bettina Bankamp 1, Kaija Maher 1, Min-hsin Chen 1, Suxiong Tong 1, Azaibi Tamin 1, Luis Lowe 1, Michael Frace 1, Joseph L. DeRisi 2, Qi Chen 1, David Wang 2, Dean D. Erdman 1, Teresa C. T. Peret 1, Cara Burns 1, Thomas G. Ksiazek 1, Pierre E. Rollin 1, Anthony Sanchez 1, Stephanie Liffick 1, Brian Holloway 1, Josef Limor 1, Karen McCaustland 1, Melissa Olsen-Rassmussen 1, Ron Fouchier 3, Stephan Günther 4, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus 3, Christian Drosten 4, Mark A. Pallansch 1, Larry J. Anderson 1, William J. Bellini 1 In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length, has 11 open reading frames, and the genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronaviruses.

7. SARS Returns or Lab Accident? Singapore Wonders(Reuters)Wed September 10, 2003

8. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo - Update 12 7 May 2003 Disease Outbreak Reported As of 6 May 2003, the Ministry of Health has reported 143 cases, including 128 deaths, in the districts of Mbomo and Kéllé in Cuvette Ouest Département ( see previous report ). Thirteen of the cases are laboratory confirmed and 130 are epidemiologically linked. The two most recent deaths reported ocurred on the 22 April, one in the remote village of Ndjoukou (in Kéllé district) and the other in a forest camp near Kéllé town. Twenty-one contacts have been identified in Ndjoukou and Kéllé town and are being visited on a regular basis by the surveillance team. The Ministry of Health and the Congolese Red Cross are continuing their activities (social mobilization, surveillance and case management) in the affected areas.

9. Monkeypox

10. SmallpoxPoxvirus

14. Estimated adult and child deaths from HIV/AIDS during 2000 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 14 000 Western Europe 7 000 North America 20 000 East Asia & Pacific 25 000 North Africa & Middle East 24 000 South & South-East Asia 470 000 Caribbean 32 000 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4 million Latin America 50 000 Australia & New Zealand < 500 Total: 3.0 million

15. Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS as of end 2000 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 700 000 Western Europe 540 000 North America 920 000 East Asia & Pacific 640 000 South & South-East Asia 5.8 million North Africa & Middle East 400 000 Caribbean 390 000 Sub-Saharan Africa 25.3 million Latin America 1.4 million Australia & New Zealand15 000 Total: 36.1 million

16. EYES NOSE THROAT LOWER RESPIRATORY ENTERIC UROGENITAL LYMPHOID BRAIN SKIN & MUCOUS MEMBRANES LIVER HEART

17. ConjunctivitisAdenovirus

18. MEASLES RASH

19. HerpesvirusHSV-1 Cold Sore

20. DISEASE MANIFESTATIONSIN AIDS PATIENTS

21. ACUTE LATENT(RECURRENT) CHRONIC SLOW

22. MODES OF VIRUS TRANSMISSION • Respiratory • Fecal-Oral • Contact (fomites, lesions, saliva) • Zoonoses (insects and animals) • Blood • Sexual • Materal-Neonatal

23. Respiratory Transmission

24. Fecal-Oral Transmission

25. WNV-SLE Virus Transmission Cycle Incidental infections Mosquito vector SLE, WNV virus

26. Transmission through Blood or Injection

27. CONTROLLING VIRUS • Prophylaxis is our best tool(preventive treatment). • Vaccines • Universal precautions for handlingof blood and body fluids.  • Education

28. Viral Classification, Structure and Replication Cellular Level

29. WHAT IS A VIRUS? “filterable agents” Obligate intracellular parasites RNA or DNA genome

30. ~25 nm ~300 nm

31. VIRAL CLASSIFICATION • Disease • Mode of transmission • Structure • Biochemical characteristics The most consistent classification is by physical and biochemical characteristics such as type of genome (RNA or DNA), presence or absence of envelope.

34. Picornavirus (+) RNA virus Genome used as mRNA Rhabdovirus (-) RNA virus Viral Polymerase produces mRNA AAA Viral polyprotein Viral proteins

35. Virion – the complete virus particle Capsid – the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid genome Capsomers – the repeating protein subunits that make up the capsid Protomers – the polypeptide chains which make up the capsomers

36. Symmetry – The viral capsid is assembled from individual proteins.  The arrangement of the capsid around its viral genetic material is unique for each type of virus.  The general properties of this arrangement define the shape and symmetry.  The simplest structures that can be built are helical and icosahedral.

37. 4.MatureCapsid 1.Protomers 2.Capsomers 3.Pro-Capsid

38. Icosahedral Capsids

39. Adenovirus Icosahedral Capsids

40. Viral Envelope • Membrane composed of lipids, proteins, glycoproteins. • Obtained from cellular membranes

41. Icosahedral HelicalCapsid Capsid

42. HerpesEnvelopedIcosahedral Virus

43. InfluenzaEnveloped Helical Virus

44. HIVEnveloped Icosahedral

45. VIRAL ATTACHMENT & ENTRY

46. ENVELOPE PROTEINS OF INFLUENZA

47. ATTACHMENT OF HIV

48. Pathways for Viral Entry of the Host Cell Surface Fusion Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Fusion in Endosome Lysis of Endosome

49. GENERAL MODEL OF REPLICATION

50. VIRAL ENVELOPE ASSEMBLY BUDDING