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Chapter 3 Suffixes

Chapter 3 Suffixes. I. Rules. A . Noun suffixes. Don’t forget to drop the combining vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel Ex: arth / ralgia = pain in the joints Ex: rect /o/ cele = hernia in the rectum B. Adjective suffixes

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Chapter 3 Suffixes

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  1. Chapter 3 Suffixes I. Rules

  2. A. Noun suffixes • Don’t forget to drop the combining vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel • Ex: arth/ralgia= pain in the joints • Ex: rect/o/cele= hernia in the rectum B. Adjective suffixes • No simple rule to explain which “pertaining to” suffix to use with which combining term • -ac, -iac, -al, -ar, ary-, -eal, -ic, -ical, -ous, -tic= all mean pertaining to and nothing else

  3. II. AnatomyA. Hernia • Protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it • Hiatal hernia= occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm • Inguinal hernia= occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male • Cystocele= occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles

  4. Rectocele= protrusion of a potion of the rectum toward the vagina • Omphalocele: (omphal/o= umbilicus, naval)= herniation of the intestines through weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth

  5. B. Streptococcus • Streptococcus= berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains • Strep (chains) coccus (berry-shapped) • one group causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, & kidney infections • Another group causes infections in teeth, infections in the sinuses, & infections in the valves of the heart • Staphylococci= berry-shaped bacteria that grow in small clusters like grapes • Staphyl (clusters) • Lesions may be external (skin abscesses, boils, styes) • Internal abscesses in bones & kidney • Abscess= collection of puss and WBC & protein that is present at the site of an infection • MRSA= Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  6. Diplococci= berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs: dipl/o= two • Pneumococci (pneum/o= lungs) • Gonococci (gon/o= seed) • Both invade the reproduction organs causing gonorrhea (STD)

  7. B. Blood cells • Erythrocytes= RBC • Made in the bone marrow • Carry oxygen to the lungs through the blood to all body cells • Oxygen used in cells to burn food& release the energy stored= catabolism • Hemoglobin (globin= protein) important protein in RBC that carries oxygen in the bloodstream

  8. Leukocytes= WBC: bodies defense • Granulocytes (NEB) = polymorphonuclear cells: contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus-formed in bone marrow • Eosinophils (granules stain red [eosin/o= rosy] w/ acidic stain) active with allergic conditions such as asthma- 3% • Basophils (granules stain blue with basic stain [bas/o= basic] possible function in healing inflammation- 1% • Neutrophils (granules stain purple w/ neutral stain) most numerous disease fighting WBC – 50-60% • Poly= many, morph/o= shape: polymorphonuclear= multilobed nucleus • Phag/o= eating, swallowing

  9. Agranulocytes (mononuclear)= have one large nucleus & very few granules in the cytoplasm- produced in bone marrow, lymph nodes & spleen • Lymphocytes (lymph cells) use T cells and B cells to destroy foreign cells- 32% • Monocytes (cells with one large nucleus [mon/o= one])engulf or destroy cellular debris after the neutrophils have attacked foreign cells -4% • Leave the bloodstream & enter the tissue to becomes macrophages

  10. Thrombocytes or platelets (clotting cells)= tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and are necessary for blood clotting

  11. II. Disorders/Diseases/Procedures • Acromegaly= endocrine disorder in which the pituitary gland produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty • Person is of normal height but the bones in the soft tissues in hands, feet and face grow abnormally

  12. Splenomegaly= enlarged spleen occurs with the development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins (portal hypertension) & hemolytic blood diseases • Located in LUQ • Composed of lymph & blood vessels • Disposed of dying RBC & manufactures WBC to fight disease • Hemolytic- excessive destruction or lysis of RBC • If spleen is removed the immune system may be somewhat compromised, but other organs will compensate

  13. Laparoscopy= visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope • Minimally invasive surgery • Surgeon inserts a lighted telescopic instrument through an incision in the abdomen near the naval • CO2 is infused into the peritoneal cavity to separate & prevent injury to abdominal structures • Can preform biopsies, remove appendix, gallbladder, adrenal gland, spleen, ovary, colon resection, repair hernias, tubal ligation & many more

  14. 4. Tracheotomy • Incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage • Tracheostomy= opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted • Required to allow air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions (mucus) from the bronchial tubes

  15. Adenoids: “resembling glands” small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near the nose and nasal passages • Adenoidectomy= removal of adenoids when they become enlarged and block the airway from the nose to the pharynx

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