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Muslim’s Freedom Movement and Independence of Pakistan

Muslim’s Freedom Movement and Independence of Pakistan. Aadi. Educational Movements. Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1817-1898) Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866) Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow (1894) WestrenAnd Religion trends of Education

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Muslim’s Freedom Movement and Independence of Pakistan

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  1. Muslim’s Freedom Movement andIndependence of Pakistan Aadi

  2. Educational Movements • Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1817-1898) • Tehrik-i-Deoband (1866) • Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow (1894) WestrenAnd Religion trends of Education • Anjuman-i-Himayat-e-Islam, Lahore (1884) Islamia college for women (1938)for men(1913) • Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam, Karachi(1885) Syed Hasan Ali Afandi. Sind Muslim College(1943) Ali Garh • Islamia College, Peshawar (1902)Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum

  3. Political /Jihadi Movement • Mohim ambela(1863) • Reshammi Romal Movement(1905) • Maulvi Mehmudulhassan & Uleamaye Duiband • Tehrikey Khilafat (1920) • Khaksar Tehrik • Indian National Congress(1885) • Formation of Muslim League

  4. Legislative Councils Act 1861 • First ever constitutional structure • Constitutional reforms in India • Inclusion of Indian people • British passed provisions for Local Government • Introduction of Governor General Councils • Enforcement of Legislative Councils • No's of Legislative Councils were increased • Authority of Governor-General • Provincial Heads as Lieutenant Generals

  5. Formation of The Indian National Congress • A former member of Indian civil service, Allan Octavian Hume wrote a letter to students of Culcutta University for setting a national political organization. • A conference was called in Bombay and second in Culcutta on 28 December 1883. • A meeting in 1886 of 436 delegates' elected representatives of their provinces. • Aim is to promote welfare of Indians by educating them in India and Britain • More representatives in ICS and legislative councils

  6. Indian Councils Act 1892 • Congress dissatisfaction with LCA 1861. • Demanded more presentation in legislative and administrative bodies • Nominations of Central and Provincial Legislative Councils through general elections instead of nomination. • Appointment through competitive exam. • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Criticism on demands. • Salient Provisions of Act 1892: • Increase in non-official members in Central and Provincial Legislature • Right to question/discussion of annual budget • Right to local bodies to elect members for legislative councils.

  7. Urdu -Hindi Controversy 1867 • Urdu replaced Persian as an official language in 1837. • Anti-Urdu Agitation by Hindus • Urdu banned in Bengal (1871) by Lt. Governor George Campbell, scrapped from syllabus. • 1900, UP Lt. Governor Anthony McDonell ordered Hindi as an official language. • Anjuman-i-Tarakki-i-Urdu by Baba-e-Urdu, Maulvi Abdul Haq. • Urdu Defence Association, Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, 2 May,1900.

  8. Partition of Bengal 1905 • Lord Curzon Viceroy (1899)/ Administrative problems • East/West Parts • Eastern Bengal new prospects for Muslims • Hindus Reaction • Muslim domination • End to political position • National tragedy (16th Oct,1905) • Swadeshi Movement (Swami Dayanand) -> boycott of foreign goods • Boycott forthcoming tour of King George-> Delhi Darbar 1911-> annulment of Bengal/ capital from Calcutta to Delhi

  9. Simla Deputation 1906 • 35 Members delegation led by Sir Agha Khan met Lord Minto. • 4 major demands • Separate electorate • Weight age • Government and official services • Aligarh University • Results • Great political achievement for Muslims • Acceptance of Muslim demands under Minto-Morley reforms 1909 • Basis for Muslim unity and organization

  10. Establishment of Muslim League 1906 Reasons • Urdu Hindi Controversy • Negative role of Hindus-> Arya Smaj/Gao Raksha Sabah • Congress Representation • Success of Simla Deputation Background • All India Educational Conference, Dhaka,1906. • Nawab Salim Ullah resolution (All India Muslim Confederacy). • Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and Nawab Viqar ul Mulk joint secretaries. • 60 member committee drafted ML constitution. • 1907 Karachi Session it was adopted. Green Book (Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar) • 1908, Sir Agha Khan(President), Major Hassan Bilgrami (Joint Sec), Syed Amir Ali (London Branch). • Aligarh as ML Headquarter. Objectives • 1) Muslim/British gap 2) Political rights 3) Friendly relations with all communities Achievements • 1) Representation 2) Answer to Congress propaganda • 3) Approval of separate electorate 4) Lucknow pact

  11. Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 • Political Reforms • Separate electorate of Muslims • Hindus included in Executive Councils • Legislative Councils were expanded/ authority. • Viceroy Council membership fixed at 60. • Local bodies/trade unions/universities allowed to elect their members. • Lt. Gov appointed in Bengal/Bombay/Madarass. • Administrative councils in small provinces. • Members of executive councils increased from 2-4. • Positive Aspects: • Impetus to constitutional development in India. • Introduced system of elections • Muslims political importance was enhanced

  12. Lucknow Pact 1916 • Background • Idea of self -rule • Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity • Main Clauses of Lucknow Pact • Separate Electorate for Muslims • Provincial councils with 4/5th elected and1/5th nominated members. • Major provinces legislative councils with 125 strength, Minor 50-75. • Elected member for terms of 5 years

  13. Muslims elected through special electorates and their representation varies in each province Punjab 50 %, Bengal 40 %,U.P 30 %, Bombay 33 1/3 % , Bihar 25 %, C.P 15% Madaras15 % respectively. • Reservation of 1/3rd seats for Muslims in the central legislature. • Seats reserved for Muslims in minority provinces and vice versa for Hindus. • No bill or resolution shall be presented in Assembly that affects interests of other communities. • Provincial Autonomy shall be given to provinces. • Significance of Lucknow Pact • Political advancement for Muslims • Hindus acknowledged Muslims as separate electorate

  14. Chelms-Ford Reforms 1919 • Background • S.A Rowlett Act 1919 • Jallianwala Bagh incident Amritsar 1919 • Salient Features of Reforms • Bicameral legislature • Upper house 5 years and lower house for 3 years • Separate electorate for Muslims • System of Dyarchy was introduced at provincial level • Subjects divided between centre and provinces • Governor General’s executive council and power

  15. Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 • Objectives of Khilafat Movement • Khilafat Conference and Khilafat delegation • Non-C0-operation Movement • Hijerat Movement • Moplah Uprising • Chaura Chauri Incident • Reasons of Failure of Khilafat Movement

  16. Political Struggle 1920-1940 • Delhi Proposals 1927 • Simon Commission 1927 • Nehru Report 1928 • Quaid-e Azam Fourteen Points 1929 • Allahbad Address 1930 • Round Tables Conferences 1930-1932. • Government of India Act 1935. • 1937 Elections and Congress Rule • End of Congress Rule and Day of Deliverance

  17. Pakistan Movement 1940-1947 • Pakistan Resolution 1940 • Cripps Proposal 1942 • Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944 • Cabinet Mission 1946 • 3rd June Plan 1947

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