2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

1. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions • What are the functions of the respiratory system? • What are some disorders of the respiratory system? • How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? • What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

3. Functions of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System • Nose • Sinuses • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx Lower Respiratory System • Trachea • Lungs 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

4. Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures • Nose: air enters here • Sinuses: warms/moistens air • Pharynx: throat • Epiglottis: flap that closes while eating to prevent food from entering larynx • Larynx: voicebox • Trachea: Windpipe 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

5. Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures Trachea • Bronchi: separate from trachea into a right and left • Bronchial tubes: bronchial trees • Bronchioles: made of smooth muscle • Alveoli: made of epithelial tissue (covered in surfactant—fatty substance that prevents alveoli collapse) Lungs • Pleura: thin moist membrane covers lungs • Mediastinum: space in between 2 layers of pleura • Diaphragm: allows expansion of chest during respiration 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

6. Functions of the Respiratory System Discuss the functions of the respiratory system. What is the relevance to your health? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

7. Discuss the process of breathing. External respirations: exchange of o2 and CO2 between lungs and outside environment Internal respiration: CO2 and O2 exchange at the cellular level Breathing Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

8. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Breathing Calculate your respirations 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

9. Neural Factors Explain the role of the Medulla Oblongata Regulates inspiration and expiration through 2 centers What does the Phrenic Nerve do? Leads to diaphragm and intercostal muscles Control of breathing 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

10. Chemical Factors What are the chemical factors involved in breathing? As blood circulates if there is too much CO2 the respiratory senses recognize there is excess and will increase RR to compensate Compare to NEURAL FACTORS. Control of breathing 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

11. Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. • Coughing : clear lower respiratory tract • Hiccups: diaphragm spasm • Sneezing : clear upper respiratory tract • Yawning: body needs increased O2 in the blood Why do they occur? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

12. Types of breathing • Apnea: no breathing • Dyspnea: difficult, labored, painful breathing • Eupnea: normal, easy breathing (quiet) • Hyperpnea: increase depth and rate of breathing • Orthopnea: difficult or labored breathing when lying flat • Tachypnea: rapid and shallow breathing • Hyperventilation: rapid breathing causing body to lose CO2 too quickly (dizziness and fainting) 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

13. Lung capacity and volume • Tidal volume: amount of air moves in & out of lungs with each breath (500mL) • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air you can force a person to take over & above the tidal volume (2100-3000mL) • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air a person can exhale above the tidal volume (1000mL) 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

14. Lung capacity and volume • Vital lung capacity: TV+IRV+ERV=4500mL • Residual volume: amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs (allows for continuous exchange of gases between breaths=1500mL) • Functional residual capacity: ERV+residual volume= 2500mL 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

15. Lung capacity and volume • Total lung capacity • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve • Expiratory reserve • Residual air Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

16. Asthma What is asthma? Airway becomes obstructed because of an inflammatory response to a stimuli Who most likely has it? Allergen or psychological stress Symptoms: exhaling, wheezing, dyspnea & tightness in chest Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

17. Bronchitis: inflammation of mucous membrane of trachea and bronchial tubes that causes excess mucus What is bronchitis? Acute: spreading inflammation from nasopharynx or inhalation of irritants (cough, fever, substernal pain and rales—raspy sound) Chronic: mid-old age (severe and persistent cough with large mounts of discolored sputum) Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

18. Respiratory disorders • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder • Chronic Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthmatic bronchitis • Obstruction of airflow SMOKING!!!!! What is COPD and what is the leading cause? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

19. COMMON COLD What is it? Runny nose, cough, sneezing, stuffy head, sore throat What causes it? Hundreds of different strains of viruses Hand-washing – best preventative measure Respiratory disorders How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

20. Emphysema What is emphysema? Alveoli become overdilated, loses elasticity, and cannot rebound—alveoli rupture, air becomes trapped there and is difficult to exhale, reduce exchange of O2 and CO2 Who is most likely to have it? Smokers How is it treated? Alleviate symptoms (supplemental O2) Respiratory disorders 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

21. Respiratory disorders • Influenza Discuss the symptoms of influenza. FEVER, muscle pain/fatigue, and mucus discharge from nose and cough Is a flu shot beneficial? Why or why not? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

22. Respiratory disorders • Pneumonia • Viral or bacteria • Alveoli filled with thick fluid that has pus and RBC’s • Symptoms: chest pain, fever, chills, and dyspnea 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

23. Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? • Pneumothorax: air in the chest cavity 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

24. Respiratory disorders • Sinusitis: infection in the sinus cavity • Many cavities may be infected • Pain and nasal discharge are main symptoms • Use a humidifier, drink plenty of fluids, warm moist cloth to face several times a day 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

25. Respiratory disorders What type of standard precautions should be followed? • Causes lesions in lungs • Cases had been steadily decreasing until recent years due to increase homeless, AIDS & illegal immigrants • Treat with INH • Tuberculosis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

26. The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Discuss the relevance to your health. What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients? Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

27. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions • What are the functions of the respiratory system? • What are some disorders of the respiratory system? • How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? • What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system