CHEMISTRY 2470

1. CHEMISTRY 2470

2. ORGANIC ????

3. Historical:scientists at one time believed that a “vital force” present in living organisms was necessary to produce an organic compound.

4. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds Organic compound is one that contains the element carbon Other atoms commonly found in organic compounds are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Inorganic chemistry studies the other elements.

5. The sheer number of organic compounds • Chemists have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year. • By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds. • Thus, approximately 85% of all known compounds are organic. • The link to biochemistry • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones, vitamins, and almost all other chemicals in living systems are organic compounds.

6. Valence electrons Electrons of the outermost shell. They have the potential to form chemical bonds.

7. Cl Unpaired electron (bonding) Paired electrons (nonbonding) Chlorine

8. Unpaired electrons C Carbon

10. Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds: • Carbon: normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons. • Hydrogen: forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons. • Nitrogen: normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons. • Oxygen: normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons. • Halogen: normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

14. Functional group: • an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties. • Functional groups are important because: • They undergo the same types of chemical reactions no matter in which molecule they are found. • To a large measure they determine the chemical and physical properties of a molecule. • They are the units by which we divide organic compounds into families. • They provide the basis on which we derive names for organic compounds.