American History

1. American History Chapter 1

2. 1.4 Bell Activity • Would you support an increase in taxes to pay for a very expensive US mission into deep space? Deep space is the area beyond our solar system. • Give reasons why you either would or would not support this tax increase.

3. Today’s Objective • Describe life in medieval Europe. • Identify the forces that weakened the power of the Roman Catholic church. • Summarize the changes that helped expand the European world view. • Explain how trade, travel, and technology combined to lead Europeans to sea.

4. 1.4 European Societies around 1492 • Most Europeans (like the Native Americans and most Africans) lived in small villages • Communities were based on social hierarchy (organized according to rank)

6. Family in European Society • Extended family was not as important in Europe as it was to the Native Americans and West Africans • Centered around the nuclear family (mother, father, children) • Gender determined who got which jobs

7. Christianity and Europe • The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) was the dominant religion • Catholics felt called to convert people of other faiths • Began as defending the faith, then changed to spreading it

8. The Crusades • Muslim armies captured Asia/North Africa • In 1492 Spain stood united after forcing the Muslims from the area. • They were ready to spread Christianity! • At the same time, the RCC attempted to force the Muslims out of the Holy Land (which was around Jerusalem) • “The Crusades” was a series of military expeditions to the Middle East, in the name of Christianity.

9. Consequences of the Crusades • This bloodbath didn’t “rescue” the Holy Land • Sparked an increase in trade because the Crusaders returned home having been exposed to products from Asia • Weakened the power of the European nobles due to losing their lives/fortunes in battle • Monarchs took over, and started exploring overseas in order to get even richer • Decline in the power of the pope- he had spearheaded the Crusades and people didn’t want to listen to him any more

10. Reformation • After years of disagreeing over who has authority over the church, led to the division in Christianity Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Sent Protestants across the Atlantic to find religious freedom, because they weren’t going to find it in Europe!

11. Changes in Europe • What prompted these changes? • Heavy rain and disease wiped out food sources- thousands died of starvation • An epidemic of plagues killed 25% of Europe’s population- over 25 million people • Long wars all over the continent • After these disasters, Europe began growing and changing, and people began looking to explore other lands.

12. Growth of commerce and population • The Crusades opened up Asian trade routes • Europeans wanted Asian luxuries- silk, porcelain, tea, rugs • By the end of the century, Europe’s population had recovered • Stimulated commerce and the growth of towns • The new “urban middle class” earned increasing political power (especially in Britain [England] and its colonies.

13. Rise of Nations • The nobility was losing more and more power and the monarchies were becoming increasingly powerful. • Collected taxes, raised armies, strengthened central governments • Merchants accepted new taxes in exchange for protection • 4 major nations were taking shape: Portugal, Spain, France, England • Only the king/queen had enough $$ to finance exploration overseas, and they needed new lands to increase their wealth even more.

14. Renaissance • “Secular spirit” • Interest in worldly pleasures • Confidence in human achievement • Renaissance started in Italy because of contact with Asia and Africa • Art: deep perspectives and fully rounded forms of ancient sculpture and painting; the subjects were portrayed more realistically • Encouraged people to think of themselves as individuals • Allowed people to look forward to the fame their successes might bring. • Many people looked for glory through adventure, discovery, and conquest.

15. Europe: a New Age of Expansion • Because they had been traveling by land, and that took a VERY long time and was VERY dangerous, Europeans began looking for easier ways to get to China. • Sailing Technology: Developed the compass and astrolabe, which helped captains plot their direction and stay more on course (p. 24)

16. Explorers • Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488 • Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498 • By sailing around Africa, they were able to cut costs and increase profits. • Christopher Columbus (an Italian sea captain) had his own collection of maps and figures, and believed there was an even shorter route to Asia- WEST across the Atlantic • Queen Isabella (Spain) financed Columbus’ trip- she realized it would not cost nearly as much as she thought it would.

18. Critical Thinking • Why did other countries lag behind Portugal in the race for overseas exploration? • Geographic location • Prince Henry was a great leader • Sailing technology

19. Tonight’s Homework • Complete study guide pages 11-12 • Start studying for CHAPTER 1 TEST– THURSDAY! • Monday (today)- 1.4 • Tuesday- 1.5 • Wednesday- Review • Thursday- TEST!

20. 1.5 Bellwork • How would it feel to venture into the unknown, where there are no accounts from someone who has gone before, and no assurance of coming back? • Use descriptive words! • At least 5 sentences, please.

21. 1.5 Transatlantic Encounters • Today’s objectives: • Identify reasons for Spanish exploration and colonization of the Caribbean • Evaluate the effects of contact between Europeans and Native Americans • Assess the impact of the Atlantic slave trade upon Africa and the Americas • Understand the importance of the Columbian Exchange • Discuss the consequences of the migration of people to the Americas from other continents

22. Columbus crosses the Atlantic • His ships were the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria • Set sail in August of 1492 • 2 months later they saw land! • Came across the Taino [tie-no](aka “Noble ones”) • Columbus renamed their island and called it San Salvador, which means “Holy Savior” and claimed it for Spain • Columbus was surprised by the generosity and kindness of the Taino, but soon realized that they would be easily subdued.

23. Goals • GOLD- one of the main reasons for Columbus’s journey • When he didn’t find gold on San Salvador, he spent the next 3 months island hopping (in what is now the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispanola) trying to find gold somewhere. • LAND- He claimed all the land he “found” for Spain. “It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession,” he wrote. • RELIGION- He also kept his promise to spread Christianity- everywhere he landed, he put a cross, and sent word that the people in these regions would be easily converted to Christianity.

24. Spanish footholds • In January of 1493, Columbus started his journey back to Spain. • However, he thought he had landed on the islands off of Asia, which the Europeans called the Indies. • He called the people he met “los indios,” which, when it’s translated, becomes “the Indians” • The Spanish monarchs were THRILLED with Columbus’s reports and immediately gave him money for 3 more voyages. • He brought priests, soldiers, and colonists with him to the Caribbean, and they would eventually press their traditions and beliefs onto the Native Americans who were already there. • This signaled the start of a cultural clash that would continue for the next 500 years.

25. Impact on Native Americans • The Taino did not realize what was about to happen to their lifestyle with the onset of European viruses and diseases • Europeans used colonization (establishing settlements that are controlled by a distant country) for YEARS before Columbus’s time • There were many advantages to using the plantation system • Economic benefits of forced labor • European weapons were very effective in dominating a people who had much less sophisticated weapons

26. Impact on Native Americans • The Caribbean natives, though, didn’t give in without a fight. They shot poisoned arrows at the Spanish in one battle at St. Croix. • The Native Americans, Taino, and Caribbean natives would give in for a few years, then rise up and revolt, then be quieted again, and the cycle continued. • It proved to Columbus and the Spaniards that they were not going to be dominated easily.

27. Impact on Native Americans • Disease! • The Europeans brought measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus with them • The Native Americans had not developed any kind of immunities to any of these diseases, so their population was crushed by them. • 70 years later, only 2 villages remained in Hispaniola • Disease was a more effective conqueror than any army was at this time

28. Slave Trade • Because disease was causing the work force (Native Americans) to die out, the Europeans had to turn to the Africans for forced labor. • They realized that “the labor of one African is more valuable than that of four Indians.” • The price of Africans went up as they Europeans needed more and more of them, and African slavery was quickly becoming a vital part of the emerging economic system. • The slave trade caused Africa to lose it’s fittest, strongest, and most valuable members. At least 12 million African people were lost to the slave trade by the time it ended in the 1800s.

29. Impact on europeans • Merchants and monarchs in Europe saw an opportunity to increase their wealth and influence in the New World. • Within 100 years, thousands of Europeans began coming over here in the biggest voluntary migration history has ever seen. • The Columbian Exchange- the global transfer of living things, began with Columbus’s first voyage and still continues today

30. Columbian Exchange

31. National rivalries • Portugal (who was the leader in navigation and exploration) was jealous of Spain, who had actually conquered many new lands. • The Pope stepped in to avoid war between the two nations with the Treaty of Tordesillas(Tor-duh-see-yuss) • Spain and Portugal divided the Western Hemisphere between the two of them with an imaginary vertical line • West of the line belonged to Spain (Americas!) • East of the line belonged to Portugal (Brazil- which was mostly Spanish anyways)

32. Treaty of tordesillas • Very ineffective treaty! • Impossible to enforce • The agreement had virtually NO effect on the English, Dutch, or French, who all started colonizing America during the 1600s.

33. New society • Columbus lived on Hispaniola until 1500, when the king and queen of Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) forced him to leave. They were angry that he couldn’t maintain order on the island. • Columbus returned to Spain in 1504, and died shortly after. He was disappointed that he never made it to China. • This set in motion a chain of events that would forever change history. A new nation was emerging, based on representative government and religious tolerance. • The mixture of European, Native American, and African cultures, beliefs, and practices would become one of the greatest challenges AND assets the new country would face.

34. Critical Thinking • What were three of the most important long term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in the Americas? • Conquering and claiming land • Forced labor of Native Americans and Africans • The Columbian Exchange

35. Tonight’s homework • Study guide pages 13-16 • Section 1.5 AND the chapter review! • Study!!! Review tomorrow, test on THURSDAY • Review chapter objectives and key vocabulary • You will get a printout of this powerpoint tomorrow to help you study. • Reread!!! Study the study guide!