Bones of Limbs 四肢骨

1. Bones of Limbs 四肢骨

2. The Bones of Limbs (the appendicular bones/附肢骨) includes the bones of upper limbs and the bones of lower limbs.

3. The upper limbs are released from weight bearing and become the organs of labour, so the bones of upper limb are lighter and smaller in shape and size than those of lower limbs.

4. Ⅰ. Bones of Upper Limbs (上肢骨) shoulder girdle(肩带骨) bones of free upper limbs (自由上肢骨). bones of upper limb

5. clavicle(锁骨) sccapula(肩胛骨) shoulder girdle bones of arm (humerus/肱骨), bones of forearm(radius/桡骨 and ulna/尺骨) bones of hand bones of free upper limb

6. Clavicle 锁骨 Scapula 肩胛骨 Bones of upper limb Humerus 肱骨 Radius 桡骨 Ulna 尺骨 Bones of hand 手骨 Bones of upper limbs

7. 1. clavicle(锁骨) The clavicle is a S- shaped and curved rod of bone and extends from the sternum to the acromion of the scapula. It joins the trunk with the upper limb.

8. Sternal end Acromial end Body of clavicle Superior view of right clavicle

9. Sternal end Acromial end Body of clavicle Superior view of right clavicle

10. 锥状结节 胸骨端 肩峰端 锁端体 锁骨上面观

11. Sternal end Acromial end Body of clavicle inferior view of right clavicle

12. 2. scapula(肩胛骨) The scapula is a triangular flat bone situated on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax(胸部). It has three borders (the medial, lateral and superior borders),

13. three angles (the superior, inferior and lateral angles), and two surfaces (the anterior or costal and posterior or dorsal surfaces) .

14. Coracoid process Scapular notch Acromion superior angle Glenoid cavity infraglenoid tubercle medial border Lateral border subscapular fossa Inferior angle anterior view of right scapula

15. Coracoid process Scapular notch Acromion superior angle Glenoid cavity infraglenoid tubercle medial border Lateral border subscapular fossa Inferior angle anterior view of right scapula

16. 喙突 肩峰 肩胛上角 盂上结节 肩胛切迹 关节盂 肩胛下窝 盂下结节 内侧缘 外侧缘 肩胛下角 右肩胛骨前面观

17. Acromion Coracoid process supraspinous fossa Spine of scapula Infraspinous fossa Neck of scapula medial border Lateral border Inferior angle posterior view of right scapula

18. Acromion Coracoid process supraspinous fossa Spine of scapula Infraspinous fossa Neck of scapula medial border Lateral border Inferior angle posterior view of right scapula

19. 肩胛切迹 喙突 肩胛上角 肩峰 冈上窝 肩胛颈 肩胛冈 外侧缘 冈下窝 肩胛下角 内侧缘 右肩胛骨后面观

20. 3. humerus(肱骨) The humerus is the bones of arm, it is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb. The humerus has a body (shaft) and two ends (extremities).

21. Greater tubercle Head of humerus Crest of Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Trochlea of humerus Capitulum of humerus Anterior view of right humerus

22. 肱骨大结节 肱骨头 结节间沟 解剖颈 大结节嵴 肱骨小结节 外科颈 大结节嵴 三角肌粗隆 冠突窝 外上髁 内上髁 肱骨小头 肱骨滑车 肱骨前面观

23. Head of humerus Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Trochlea of humerus Sulcus for radial nerve Sulcus for ulnar nerve Olecranon fossa medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle posterior view of right humerus

24. 肱骨头 肱骨大结节 解剖颈 外科颈 桡神经沟 鹰嘴窝 外上髁 内上髁 尺神经沟 肱骨滑车 右侧肱骨后面观

25. Head of humerus Surgical neck Anatomical neck Deltoid tuberosity Sulcus for radial nerve Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Trochlea of humerus right humerus

26. 4. bones of forearm (前臂骨) The bones of forearm include radius (桡骨) and ulna (尺骨).

27. The radius is the lateral bone of the two in the forearm. It has a shaft and two ends. The ulna lies medial to the radius. It is also a long bone with two ends and a shaft.

28. olecranon Radial notch Trochlear notch Head of radius Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Ulnar tuberosity Interosseous border of ulna Interosseous border of radius Head of ulna Styloid process of radius Styloid process

29. olecranon Head of radius Trochlear notch Neck of radius Coronoid process Radial tuberosity Ulnar tuberosity Interosseous border of radius Interosseous border of ulna Head of ulna Styloid process of radius

30. 桡切迹 鹰嘴 滑车切迹 桡骨头 冠突 桡骨颈 尺骨粗隆 桡骨粗隆 尺骨骨间缘 桡骨骨间缘 尺骨头 桡骨茎突 尺骨茎突

31. Olecranon Head of radius Neck of radius Interosseous border of ulna Radial tuberosity Interosseous border of radius Head of ulna

32. Olecranon Head of radius Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Interosseous border of radius Styloid process of radius Styloid process of ulna

33. 桡骨头 鹰嘴 桡骨颈 桡骨粗隆 尺骨骨间缘 桡骨骨间缘 尺骨头 桡骨茎突

34. 5. bones of hand The bones of hand include three parts: the carpal bones(腕骨), the metacarpal bones(掌骨) and phalanges(指骨).

35. The fifth metacarpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx middle phalanx phalanges distal phalanx Anterior view of right hand bones

36. The fifth metacarpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx phalanges middle phalanx distal phalanx Anterior view of right hand bones

37. 腕骨 第5掌骨 掌骨 近节指骨 中节指骨 指骨 远节指骨 右手骨前面观

38. The first metacarpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx phalanges middle phalanx distal phalanx Posterior view of right hand bones

39. 腕骨 第１掌骨 掌骨 近节指骨 指骨 中节指骨 远节指骨 右手骨后前面观

40. (1) carpal bones (bones of wrist) /腕骨 They are eight short bones, arranged in two rows of four. The proximal row, from the lateral to the medial, contains

41. the scaphoid, the lunate, and the triquetral and pisiform bones. The distal row contains the trapezium, the trapezoid, the capitate and the hamate bones.

42. Triquetral bone Lunate bone Scaphoid bone Pisiform bone Trapzium bone Hamate bone Trapezoid bone Capitate bone carpal bones

43. 三角骨 月骨 手舟骨 豌豆骨 大多角骨 钩骨 小多角骨 头状骨 carpal bones

44. (2)The metacarpal bones (掌骨) The metacarpal bones are five in number and numbered from one to five from the thumb to the little finger.

45. The metacarpal bones are long bones; each one consists of a proximal base, a shaft, and a distal head.

46. (3) The phalanges (指骨) They are long bones, and 14 in number, two for the thumb and three for each of other digits. They are the proximal or first, the middle or second, and the distal or third phalanx.

47. Ⅱ. Bones of Lower Limb bones of pelvic girdle (盆带骨)-Hip bone (髋骨) bones of thigh(大腿骨) bones of leg(小腿骨) bones of foot(足骨) Bones of Lower Limb

48. Bones of lower limbs Hip bone 髋骨 femur 股骨 Bones of lower limb patela 膑骨 tibia 胫骨 fibula 腓骨 Bones of foot 足骨

49. (Ⅰ). pelvic girdle (盆带骨) — hip bones(髋骨) It is formed by two hip bones, which are joined in front at pubic sympbysis. Each hip bone connects with the sacrum posteriorly.

50. The pelvic girdle, the sacrum and the coccyx together form the bony pelvis. The hip bone of a newborn consists of three components: ilium, pubis, and ischium.