5 th Caribbean Conference on Comprehensive Disaster Management

1. Agriculture Disaster Risk Management Planning: Strategy for Loss Reduction in Jamaica’s Agricultural Sector 5th Caribbean Conference on Comprehensive Disaster Management “CDM: Strengthening Partnerships for Resilience” Hilton Rose Hall Resort-Montego Bay, Jamaica 6-10 December, 2010 Dr. Balfour Spence Applied Disaster & Emergency Studies Department Brandon University Brandon Manitoba Canada

2. Outline of Presentation Context of Agriculture Disaster Risk Management (ADRM) Planning ADRM Plan Development Strategy ADRM Planning Outcome Next Steps

3. Context of ADRM Planning • CDM planning evolution in Caribbean • Role of Agriculture in Social and Economic development in Jamaica • Specific vulnerability of agricultural sector • Climate change: Changing disaster risk potential in the agricultural sector

4. Context: CDM Planning Evolution Economic sector Plans Plans Hazard-Specific Plans National Disaster Plans National Disaster Risk Reduction Policies

5. Context: CDM Planning Evolution–Model Plan/Model Policy Approach • Model plan/model policy adaptation approach to DRR as part of CDM strategy • Facilitate and expedite disaster readiness in CDEMA-PS • Greater uniformity in DRM process among PS • Regional commonality in socioeconomics of agriculture • Discussion of ADRM planning process in Jamaica can facilitate model plan process for agricultural sector among CDEMA-PS

6. Context: Role of Agriculture in Socio-economics - Jamaica • Declining GDP contribution • 2nd Highest employer of labour • Indispensable to livelihood profile • Compelling rationale for ADRM Plan

7. Context: Specific Vulnerability of Agricultural Sector Physical & social vulnerability in Agricultural sector • Physical – Hydro-meteorological hazard exposure, impact, risk • Floods • Drought • Hurricanes • Social– Livelihood vulnerabilities

8. Specific Vulnerability - Hurricanes

9. Specific Vulnerability: Agricultural Impacts of Flooding since 2001 (J$mill)

10. Context: Links to Existing National and International DRR & Development Strategies National Strategies • Jamaica National Disaster Plan (1993) • Jamaica National Hazard Mitigation Policy (2005) • Jamaica National Food security Programme • Jamaica National School Garden Programme International Initiatives • Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) • International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR)

11. ADRM Plan Development Strategy Pre-plan Phase • Establishment of national focal point for plan development – Rural Agriculture Development Authority (RADA) • Establishment of Plan Development Committee (PDC)- spearhead plan development, provide technical and operational oversight/back-stopping • Additional oversight/back-stopping from funding agency- UN-FAO

12. ADRM Pre- Plan: Composition of PDC

13. ADRM Pre-plan: Consensus on Hazard Specificity of ADRM Plan • Hydro-meteorological hazards: hurricanes (strong winds); floods, droughts • Epidemiological hazards – crops and animal infestations • Other hazards to be incorporated at later stage

14. ADRM Pre-Plan: Agricultural sub-sectors in ADRM Plan • Domestic cash crops • Coffee • Sugar cane • Banana • Livestock including poultry • Aquaculture and marine fisheries • Apiculture

15. ADRM Pre-plan: Generation of Baseline Data • Plan is premised on parish-focussed implementation strategy • Baseline data collection focus and impact assessment parish targeted • Template matrices circulated to capture basic baseline info • Template baseline profile/parish • Baseline data focused on targeted agricultural subsectors

16. Example of Subsector Baseline Data Matrix – Domestic Cash Crops

17. Pre- plan: Audit of Pre-ADRM Initiatives in Agricultural Sector Pre-ADRM Responsibilities of Ministry of Agriculture: • Response readiness • Damage assessment/Data gathering • Transportation • Public cleansing and disposal of dead animals • Rehabilitation • Assess agricultural damage and needs in association with the NEOC and damage survey team • In association with the NEOC, assist with the coordination of all counter measures needed to control or eradicate the outbreak of any exotic animal or plant disease • Organize relief measures, in association with the NEOC, for any situation which has a significant effect on animal welfare

18. Pre-plan: Agricultural Good Practice Identification DRM Good Practice in Agriculture-Jamaica

19. ADRM Plan Development Outcome: Link to National Organizational Structure for DRM National Disaster Risk Management Structure (Administrative)

20. Outcome- Link NDRM Operational National Disaster Risk Management Structure (Operational)

21. Outcome: Proposed Institutional Framework and Implementation Mechanism for ADRM Plan Proposed Institutional Framework for ADRM

22. Outcome: Proposed Operational Structure of NADRM

23. Outcome: Plan Development Phase Mitigation, Prevention Preparedness • Livelihood protection • Food security • Agricultural insurance • Rationalization of early warning Systems (EWS) • Streamlining of primary roles and functions of relevant organizations

25. Outcome: Agricultural Land-use Planning

26. Outcome: Education and Awareness Promotion

27. Outcome: Livelihood Protection

28. Outcome: Agricultural Insurance • 2008 Government of Jamaica requested support from World Bank to design and implement country strategy for managing weather risk in agricultural sector. • First step - conducting pre-feasibility study on agricultural Weather Risk Management (WRM) within agricultural sector • WRM - assist insurers to design insurance products at farmer level and as a tool for donor intervention

29. Outcome: Emergency Response - SOP for ADRM Plan • Principal objective of SOP - delineation of authority, roles and procedures during emergency phase of DRM.

30. Outcome: SOP Steps, Actions and Responsibilities for ADRM

31. Outcome: SOP Steps, Actions and Responsibilities for ADRM cont’d

32. Outcome: Recovery and Rehabilitation • Informed by effectiveness of measures and activities implemented for mitigation, prevention, preparedness and emergency response as well as recovery and rehabilitation strategy. • Efficiency of rehabilitation/recovery - function of reliability of damage assessment process that informs short-term flash appeals and more long term interventions for rebuilding livelihoods.

33. Outcome: Damage and Loss Assessment • Damage and loss assessment in Jamaica’s DRM ad hoc Recent emergence of more comprehensive and standardized approaches. • E.g. ECLAC damage assessment approach and Livelihood Assessment Tool-Kit developed and published by FAO/ILO. • Livelihood Assessment Tool-Kit being adopted for ADRM planning in Jamaica. • Broad-brush international focus. • More tailored manual for effecting damage and loss assessment in the agricultural sector is being developed as a part of this ADRM Plan.

34. Outcome: Damage and Loss Assessment cont’d • Number of short-term measures are proposed to effect immediate damage and loss assessment needs • RADA with support from the FAO commenced training cadre of institutional and parish-level personnel to undertake livelihood impact assessment related to disasters • Effectiveness of this exercise contingent on its integration with the decision-making structure for DRM that is proposed

35. Outcome: Needs Assessment for Recovery • Envisage two-tiered approach to needs assessment for recovery will emerge from the livelihood impact assessment approach being implemented for ADRM. Tier 1: Flash Appeals – coordinated and prepared by parish level decision-makers to effect immediate recovery needs and following the format proposed in the LAT/Livelihood Assessment Manual. Synthesizing of these parish flash appeals into a national flash appeal for the agricultural sector should be mandated to the NADRM Unit. Tier 2: National Agricultural Sector Need – coordinated at the national level to reflect more long-term recovery and rehabilitation needs. This activity should fall within the portfolio of the NADRM Unit.

36. Outcome: Preparation of Agricultural Recovery and Rehabilitation Strategy • A critical aspect of the recovery/rehabilitation component of the ADRM Plan is the preparation of a recovery and rehabilitation strategy. • This strategy must be informed by the needs assessment process as well as the unique requirements of the specific hazard impact. • Generally though, the strategy must relate the guidelines of the flash appeal as well as national agricultural sector needs and be implemented within the context of the ADRM structure for the agricultural sector. • The NADRM Unit should have responsibility for coordinating the strategy.

37. Monitoring and Evaluation • Effectiveness of ADRM based on the extent to which set ADRM targets are achieved within specified timeframes. • NADRM Committee to initiate deliberations on timelines for implementation of the mitigation, prevention, preparedness, emergency response and recovery/rehabilitation measures proposed in this Plan

38. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework • Timelines for targets of the ADRM Plan coincide with existing international and national development frameworks and actions that are pertinent to ADRM. • Monitoring and evaluation framework coincide with the proposed ADRM structure and responsibilities. • Achievement of ADRM objectives unlikely to be spatially uniform- two-tier approach to monitoring and evaluation proposed:

39. Next Step…. Development of comprehensive ADRM Implementation strategy that Incorporates Climate Change considerations

40. Thank You!