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Earth’s Changing Environment Lecture 5. Depletion of the Ozone Layer. The Stratospheric Ozone Layer. Begins where the troposphere ends at 50,000 feet (10 miles) above the Earth’s surface. The lower stratosphere is the location of most atmospheric ozone. Solar UV Radiation.
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Earth’s Changing EnvironmentLecture 5 Depletion of the Ozone Layer
The Stratospheric Ozone Layer • Begins where the troposphere ends at 50,000 feet (10 miles) above the Earth’s surface. • The lower stratosphere is the location of most atmospheric ozone.
Solar UV Radiation • UV Radiation is blocked by the ozone layer • But UV Radiation also forms the ozone layer.
How does Chlorine get into the Stratosphere? • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). • CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) (freon) • CFC-11 (CFCl3) • Have 100 year atmospheric lifetimes
Mario Molina • Born in Mexico City • Won Nobel Prize in 1995 • In 1974 with Sherry Roland, he predicted that CFCs could destroy ozone layer
Antarctic Ozone Hole • Normally, stratospheric reactions put chlorine from CFCs into inert forms (HCL and ClONO2) • Ice crystals in these antarctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) act as sites for the conversion of the inert form of chlorine to the active form of chlorine.
Antarctic Ozone Hole • Every spring, UVC radiation breaks CL2 formed on the PSCs into atomic chlorine. This active CL causes a very sharp decrease in the concentration of ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere, an ozone hole.
The Montreal Protocol • International treaty for the control on the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances agreed on in 1987. • President Reagan signed the ratified Protocol in 1988. • 1994 Copenhagen Amendment and Vienna Adjustments called for a more rapid phase out of certain ODP chemicals.
Montreal Protocol • 29 countries plus the European Union signed initially • All have agreed to a phase-out schedule • Globally emission of ODPs has been drastically reduced to around 10% of original levels.
EPA – Ozone Depletion Program • Command and Control Strategy • Halt the production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) • Ensure refrigerants and halon fire extinguishing agents are recycled properly • identifying alternative to ODS • banning the release of OD refrigerants
US Phase-out of high ODP chemicals • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • carbon tetrachloride • methyl chloroform • halons