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Plants

Plants. Common Characteristics. Characteristics. Multicellular More than one cell Cell Wall Made of cellulose Eukaryote The cells of these organisms have a nucleus. Plant History. First plants are thought to have begun appearing around 500 million years ago (probably looked like moss )

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Plants

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  1. Plants Common Characteristics

  2. Characteristics • Multicellular • More than one cell • Cell Wall • Made of cellulose • Eukaryote • The cells of these organisms have a nucleus

  3. Plant History • First plants are thought to have begun appearing around 500 million years ago (probably looked like moss) • First plant fossils are those called psilophytes (some still exist today) • Scientists used DNA evidence and the presence of chlorophyll to compare ancient plants with modern plants

  4. NOT this Moss

  5. Ancient Examples

  6. Adaptations to Living on Land • Roots • Absorbs water and minerals from the soil • Stores food (Ex: carrot) • Anchors a plant to the ground • Reproduction (Ex: Aspen trees)

  7. Roots con’t. • Tap Roots – one long, thick main root with many smaller roots branching off main root • Fibrous Roots – many similarly sized roots that form a dense tangled mass

  8. Quaking Aspen – the largest organism on the planet

  9. Adaptations con’t. • Stem • Provides structure and support for upright growth • Contains vascular tissue to transport materials • Woody or Herbaceous • Cambium – A layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells

  10. Adaptations con’t. • Leaves – organ that absorbs sunlight and is responsible for photosynthesis • Cuticle – waxy outer layer that prevents water loss (also on stems and fruits) • Stomata – opening in the leaf that allows for carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit • Guard cells – surround the stomata to keep it open during the day and closed at night

  11. Stomata/Guard Cells

  12. Photosynthesis Revisited • The process in which the sun’s energy is converted by a plant, in the chloroplast, to make food • Formula:

  13. Photosynthesis Revisited

  14. Leaves con’t.

  15. Types of Plants • Nonvascular– do not have vascular tissue, usually no more than a few cells thick, live close to water • Vascular– contain vascular tissue, specially adapted to transport materials, enables taller growth

  16. Nonvascular Plants • Primary methods of transporting materials are: • Osmosis – diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane • Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

  17. Nonvascular PlantsExamples

  18. Vascular Plants • Contain Vascular Tissues • Xylem – transports water and nutrients up the plant • Phloem – transports food down the plant

  19. Vascular PlantsExamples

  20. Other adaptations • Phototropism – when plant growth is determined by light (arctic poppy) • Thigmotropism – when plant growth is determined by touch (ivy, pole beans)

  21. Other adaptations • Gravitropism – when plant growth is determined by gravity (most plants) • Carnivorous plants • Uniquely adapted to survive in areas with poor soil (Bladderwort, Venus Fly Trap)

  22. Uses/Benefits of Plants • Aesthetics – look and smell nice, increase the value of a home • Lumber – building, firewood • Shade – energy efficient • Paper • Food – fruits and vegetables • Health • Medicines (http://www.rain-tree.com/plantdrugs.htm) • Air Quality (Ginkgo biloba)

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