Bell Work Monday 5/26

1. Bell WorkMonday 5/26 Look in your book beginning on page 1033 to find the answers • 1. What happened when Brazilians protested the decline in the standard of living? • 2. What are the two main positive effects of one-party rule in Mexico? • 3. What was the unemployment rate in Argentina in 2002?

2. Bell WorkTuesday 5/27 Look in your book beginning on page 1033 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. What role did the military play in shaping the economy of Brazil? • 2. What were some of the positive benefits of one-party rule in Mexico? • 3. What effect did the Falklands War have on the military government in Argentina?

3. Struggles for Democracy Chapter 35

4. Section 1-DemocracyCase Study: Latin American Democracies

5. Dictators and DemocracyCase Study: Brazil • Following Getulio Vargas’ dictatorship in the 1930’s the next three elected presidents tried to steer Brazil towards democracy • Juscelino Kubitschek (pres. From 1956 to 1961) continued the developed Brazil’s economy by encouraging foreign development and built a new capital city called Brasilia • However national debt and inflation soared

6. Democracy as a Goal • Land Reform-Breaking up of large estates and distributing the land amongst the peasants • Standard of Living-Material comfort measured by the amount of goods people have • There was a decline in Brazil’s Standard of Living during the late 1960’s early 70’s • Recession-Slowdown in the economy • Brazil’s economy was hit with a recession during the 1980’s

7. One-Party RuleCase Study: Mexico • Following the Mexican Revolution the government passed the Constitution of 1917 • This outlined democracy and promised new reforms • From 1934 to 1940 President Lázaro Cárdenas tried to improve the lives of peasants and workers by carrying out land reform, promoting labor reform, nationalizing the Mexican oil industry

8. One-Party RuleCase Study: Mexico • Mexico’s main political party changed it’s name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1946 • It was the main stabilizing force for the next 50 years • Although Mexico’s economy began to develop rapidly there was still several pressing issues • Lack of land, jobs, and foreign debt led to high interest payments

9. One-Party RuleCase Study: Mexico • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- • NAFTA removed trade barriers between the U.S. Canada and Mexico • Mexican’s ended 71 years of PRI rule by electing Vicente Fox president • He advocated reform of the police, rooting out political corruption ending the rebellion in Chiapas, and opening Mexico’s economy to free market forces

10. Political and Economic DisorderCase Study: Argentina • Argentina was a industrial nation with a large population that struggled to form a democracy • Major producer of grain and beef • 1946 Juan Perónan army officer won the presidency and established a dictatorship • With his wife Eva they created a welfare state • Plenty of social programs but limited freedom • Following Eva’s death in 1955 the military and the Catholic church removed him from power

11. Political and Economic DisorderCase Study: Argentina • Repression in Argentina • 1976 a brutal dictatorship emerged and political rivals were hunted down • By the early 1980’s thousands had disappeared, kidnapped and killed by their own government • Democracy and Economy- • 1983 Raúl Alfonsín was elected president in Argentina’s first free election in 37 years • He worked to rebuild democracy and the economy

12. Political and Economic DisorderCase Study: Argentina • A Growing Crisis- • December 2001 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) refused to give Argentina financial aid • By 2002 Argentina had an unemployment rate of 24% and defaulted on an $132 billion dollar debt devaluing its currency • Following Nestor Kirchner’s election as president and a re-working of the debt Argentina paid it the IMF in 2006

13. Bell WorkWednesday 5/28 Look in your book beginning on page 1040 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. How does a federal system work? • 2. What was the outcome of the war between Nigeria and Biafra? • 3. What were the “homelands” in South Africa?

14. Section 2-The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

15. How do you Classify Someone's Race/Nationality? Which one would you say is African American?

16. Civil War in Nigeria • Following independence Nigeria adopted a federal system • Federal System-A political system where power is shared between state government and central powers • The Nigerians set up three states • One for each region and ethnic group (The Hausa, Yoruba and the Igbo) with a political party in each

17. Civil War in Nigeria • Nigeria has three main ethnic groups living within it’s borders • Hausa-Fulani in the North • Mainly Muslim • Yoruba in the South West • Faming people with a tradition of kings • Igbo in the South East • Farmers with a democratic tradition • The Yoruba and the Igbo’s are mainly Muslims, Christians or animalists

18. Civil War in Nigeria • Martial Law-Temporary military rule • 1967 the Eastern Region of Nigeria seceded and became the nation of Biafra • Mainly made up by the Igbo’s • The Nigerian gov. sought to reunite the country and by 1970 it was • However nearly 1 million Igbo’s died during the conflict

19. South Africa Under Apartheid • 1948 the Nationalist Party came to power in South Africa • It instituted the policy of apartheid which was the complete separation of the races (whites and blacks) • Separate schools, hospitals and neighborhoods were established and social contact was banned • Blacks could not live in white areas unless they were servants • Although 75% of the population was black only 13% of the land was reserved for them

20. South Africa Under Apartheid • Blacks Protest- • In 1912 the African National Congress (ANC) had been formed to fight for the rights of Africans • The ANC also organized protests and staged boycotts to protest racist policies • The gov. banned the ANC and jailed many of it’s members including Nelson Mandela • Other troubles in South Africa • 1976 riots over school policies left 600 students dead • 1977 popular protestor Stephen Biko was beaten to death while in prison

21. Struggle for Democracy • During the late 1980’s the South African gov. faced increased pressure to change • Bishop Desmond Tutu led an economic charge against apartheid • Many countries imposed harsh trade restrictions on South Africa and they were even banned from the Olympics

22. Struggle for Democracy • The 1st Steps Towards Democracy- • Between 1989 and 1990 new President F.W. de Klerk worked to end South Africa’s isolation • He legalized the ANC (1990) • Released Nelson Mandela from prison (1990) • Soon after apartheid laws were repealed • Public faculties were desegregated and land ownership was opened to blacks

23. Struggle for Democracy • The first universal elections were held in 1994 • Majority Rule- • The ANC won 63% of the vote and Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa's 1st black President • Serving as pres. from 1994-1999 • A New Constitution- • 1996 a new democratic constitution was passed • Guaranteed equal rights for all citizens

24. Struggle for Democracy • South Africa Today- • In the early 2000’s South African unemployment reached nearly 40% • 60% of South African Blacks lived under the poverty line • The AIDS epidemic also hit them hard • Estimates are that nearly 6 million people have died from AIDS by 2010

25. Chapter 35 Section 1 and 2 Review Terms

26. Chapter 35 Section 1 and 2 Review Terms

27. Bell WorkThursday 5/29 Look in your book beginning on page 1046 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. What are some of the changes that Gorbachev made to the Soviet economy? • 2. After the collapse of the Soviet Union what problems did Yeltsin face as the president of the Russian Federation? • 3. How did Putin deal with Chechnya?

28. Section 3-The Collapse of the Soviet Union

29. Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy • Politburo-Ruling committee of the Soviet Communist Party • Following the death of Brezhnev's and his two successors they sought a new direction • Mikhail Gorbachev was elected president in 1989 • He was young, energetic, politically savvy and interested in pursuing new ideas

30. Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy • Glasnost-Russian policy of (political/social) openness instituted by Gorbachev • The government was allowed to- • New Churches to open • Allowed previously banned books to be published • Reporters could investigate problems and criticize government officials

31. Reforming the Economy and Politics • Gorbachev believed that Russia’s problems were a result of poor central planning • Gov. telling farmers what crops to grow and where to grow them and what wages to pay • Perestroika-Economic restructuring in Russia • 1985-Gorbachev’s goal was to make the economic system more productive and efficient

32. Reforming the Economy and Politics • The Cold War-From the 1950’s to the 1980’s the U.S. and Russia engaged in a fierce nuclear arms race • President Reagan spent nearly 2 trillion on nuclear missiles as time went on Russia simply could not afford to keep up • The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed in 1989 • It banned nuclear missiles with ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles

33. The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil • Various groups call for freedom- • The Baltic Nations of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia wanted the freedom they enjoyed as independent nations between WWI and WWII • March, 1990 Lithuania declared independence • Gorbachev tried an economic blockade than sent in troops killing 14 and wounding hundreds • This badly hurt his popularity • June, 1991 Boris Yeltsin became the first elected president of the Russian Federation

34. The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil • The End of the Soviet Union- • 15 republics declared independence from the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) • This dissolved the “Soviet Union”

35. Russia Under Boris Yeltsin • Shock-Therapy-Yeltsin’s plan in which Russia would make an abrupt shift to a free-market economy • Yeltsin’s lowered trade barriers, removed price controls and ended subsidies to state-owned industries • He hoped this would quickly revive the Russian economy it didn’t • Between 1992 and 1994 inflation rose 800%

36. Russia Under Vladimir Putin • Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Russia has seen an increase in: • Homelessness, domestic violence, unemployment and a decrease in life expectancy.

37. Russia Under Vladimir Putin • Putin’s presidency has not solved the problem (in many areas it has become much worse) but Russia has made some strides in: • Modernizing banking, insurance and tax codes

38. Bell WorkFriday 5/30 Look in your book beginning on page 1052 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. How did Solidarity affect Communist Rule in Russia? • 2. What effect did reunification have on Germany’s international role? • 3. What was the main cause of the break up of Czechoslovakia?

39. Section 4-Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

40. Germany Reunifies • Fall of the Berlin Wall • November 9th, 1989 the Berlin wall was opened allowing German citizens to travel freely between East and West Germany • By the end of 1989 East Germany’s Communist Party ceased to exist

41. Germany Reunifies • German Reunification- • Reunification-The idea of merging the two Germanys • Democratic West Germany and Communist East Germany • West German chancellor Helmut Kohl assured the world Germany had learned from it’s past mistakes and was committed to democracy and human rights • Germany was fully unified on October 3rd, 1990

42. Germany Reunifies • Germany’s Challenges- • Under Communist rule East Germany’s railroads, highways and telephone systems had not been updated since WWII • Goods produced by East German factories could not compete on a global scale • Many factories closed and unemployment rose • Germany raised taxes to help rebuild East Germany

43. Overthrow in Romania • By late 1989, Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescucontinued his ruthless grip over Romania • He ignored all calls for reform • In December 1989, Ceausescu ordered his army to fire on demonstrators in the city of Timisoara where hundreds were wounded • This led to a massive uprising and the execution of him and his wife on Christmas day

44. The Breakup of Yugoslavia • Ethnic conflict plagued Yugoslavia following WWII due to the fact the country contained eight different ethnic groups • Serbs, Croats, Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Montenegrins • Soon they became a federation of six republics with mixed populations

45. The Breakup of Yugoslavia • A Bloody Breakup- • Josip Tito held the country together from 1945 to 1980 • Following his death ethnic tensions boiled over • Following Tito’s death Serbian leaders took over Yugoslavia • Two of the republics Croatia and Slovenia declared independence • Bosnia joined them and Serbia-Montenegro combined to form a new Yugoslavia

46. The Breakup of Yugoslavia • Ethnic Cleansing-The policy designed to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population • In 1992, Bosnian Serbs opposed the Muslim and Croat cries for independence and with the support of Serbia sought out to eliminate them • By 1995 Serbs controlled 70% of Bosnia • In 1996 Bosnians elected a three-person presidency (one leader from each group) after signing a United Nations and U.S. brokered peace treaty

47. Chapter 35 Section 3 and 4 Review Terms