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Endocrine System

Learn about the endocrine system and how it regulates our body's homeostasis, growth, water balance, reproduction, metabolism, and calcium and glucose levels. Discover the role of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, and more.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System Control of Our Bodies Homeostasis

  2. Growth Waterbalance Reproduction Metabolism Calciumand glucoselevels Responseto stress Pituitary Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals Ovaries Parathyroids Explain Section 39-2 The Endocrine System regulates by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the

  3. Exocrine or Endocrine • Exocrine – release products (enzymes) into ducts • Ex) Sweat, tears, digestive juices • Endocrine – directly to bloodstream; NO DUCTS • Ex) Hormones

  4. Endocrine System • Glands – release products to bloodstream directly. • Horomones – products deliver messages to body • Target cells – have specific receptors for specific hormones

  5. Endocrine Glands Section 39-1 Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands. Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Parathyroid glands These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development. Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

  6. Pituitary Gland • Master gland • Controls the other endocrine glands • Growth Hormone (GH) • Too much – gigantism • Too little – dwarfism • Antidiuretic (ADH) • Stimulates kidneys to keep water

  7. Hypothalamus • Part of brain and attached to pituitary • Controls pituitary secretions

  8. Thyroid

  9. THYROID GLAND • Regulates • Metabolism and energy balance

  10. Thyroid Hormones • Thyroxine • Regulates body energy usage • Calcitonin • One hormones that regulates calcium and phosphate in blood

  11. Parathyroid

  12. Calcium RegulationPARAthyroid Glands • PTH-Parathyroid hormones • Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in intestines. • Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate • Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from urine by kidneys • Increases the making of Vitamin D in body

  13. Negative Feedback Mechanism • Our body uses feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis within our body. • Regulation of calcium is one example of this process. • Can you think of another one? Hint: Role Play Activity

  14. Adrenal Gland • Releases hormones to deal with stress

  15. Adrenal Gland Cont. • Cortex • Produces more than 2 dozen steroid hormones • corticosteriods • Medulla • “fight or flight” • Epinephrine and norepinephrine

  16. Glucose Regulation Two Ways: • Eating Regularly • Hormone Adjustments

  17. Pancreas: Endocrine and Exocrine • What did the pancreas do in digestion? Secreted Enzymes Pancreas also secretes hormones Endocrine glands - ductless organ that releases hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream.

  18. Blood Glucose Level • Pancreatic Hormones regulate blood sugar level before and after meals. • Islets; clusters of cells in pancreas • Alphasecrete glucagon – increases sugar • Beta secrete insulin – decreases sugar

  19. What Happens? • Between meals Blood glucose lowPancreas secretes glucagonLiver changes glycogen to glucoseglucose sent to target tissues • After a meal Blood glucose highPancreas secretes insulinGlucose goes to the Liver(Glygogen) and goes to Target tissues

  20. Diabetes • Diabetes • High sugar levels in blood • Do not produce enough insulin to control blood sugar • Some take insulin injections to regulate

  21. Reproductive Glands • Production of gametes • Secretion of sex hormones • Female – Ovaries - Estrogen • Males – Testes - Testosterone

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