SEMESTER I EXAM REVIEW PART II

1. SEMESTER I EXAM REVIEW PART II

2. BIOCHEMISTRY

3. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN • ADHESION IS ATTRACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTICLES • COHESION IS ATTRATION BETWEEN LIKE PARTICLES

4. POLAR MOLECULES POSSESS AREAS OF CHARGE. THEY WILL DISSOLVE OTHER POLAR SUBSTANCES • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ANABOLISM OCCURS WITH THE LOSS OF WATER

5. HYDROLYSIS IS THE CATABOLISM OF COMPLEX ORGANIC MATERIALS BY THE ADDITION OF WATER • ENZYMES CONTROL THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT THEMSELVES CHANGING

6. ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC AND WORK VIA THE INDUCED FIT MODEL. THEY BECOME DENATURED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND EXTREME pH • ENZYMES COMBINE WITH A SUBSTRATE

7. AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS. THEY CONTAIN AN AMINO AND A CARBOXYL GROUP • CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN C, H, AND O. THE H AND O ARE IN A 2:1 RATIO

8. CARBOHYDRATES INCLUDE MONOSACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES • POLYSACCHARIDES INCLUDE STARCH, GLYCOGEN, AND CELLULOSE

9. LIPIDS INCLUDE C, H, AND O IN WHICH THE H TO O RATION IS NOT 2:1 • LIPIDS ARE COMPOSED OF GLYCEROL AND THREE FATTY ACIDS • LIPIDS HAVE TWICE AS MUCH ENERGY AS CARBOHYDRATES

10. NUCLEOTIDES INCLUDE DNA, RNA, AND ATP. THEY HAVE A SUGAR, A NITROGEN BASE, AND PHOSPHATE(S) • DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL. RNA AIDS DNA IN ITS GENETIC FUNCTION

11. CATABOLISM IS BREAKDOWN • ANABOLISM IS BUILDUP • THE R GROUP OF AN AMINO ACID IS THE VARIABLE GROUP

12. CELL STRUCTURES

13. CELL ORGANELLES ARE ORGAN LIKE STRUCTURES WITHIN THE CELL • RIBOSOMES PRODUCE PROTEINS • MITOCHONDRIA PRODUCE ENERGY • ER TRANSPORTS

14. THERE MAY BE ROUGH OR SMOOTH ER • GOLGI BODIES STORE, PACKAGE, AND AID SECRETION • CELL MEMBRANE CONTROLS MOVEMENT IN AND OUT • NUCLEUS CONTROLS AND MAY HAVE NUCLEOLI

15. CHLOROPLASTS ARE TYPES OF PLASTIDS THAT CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY • CENTRIOLES OCCUR IN ANIMAL CELLS AND AID IN CELL DIVISION • PLANTS HAVE A CELL WALL

16. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL PERTAINS TO THE MEMBRANES OF THE CELLS. IT SAYS MEMBRANES ARE MADE OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, PROTEINS, AND CARBOHYDRATES. THE PHOS- PHOLIPID HAVE HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC AREAS

17. DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT • OSMOSIS IS THE DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

18. ACTIVE TRANSPORT INVOLVES THE EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY. • PHAGOCYTOSIS AND PINOCYTOSIS ARE EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT • PASSIVE TRANSPORT DOES NOT INVOLVES THE USE OF ENERGY BY THE CELL

19. ISOTONIC REFERS TO EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CELL • HYPERTONIC REFERS TO A HIGH PARTICLE CONCENTRATION OUTSIDE THE CELL. HYPOTONIC IS A LOW PARTICLE CONCENTRATION

20. PROKARYOTIC CELLS ARE VERY SIMPLE CELLS (PROBABLY ANCESTORS OF THE FIRST CELLS) • EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE COMPLEX CELLS POSSIBLE PRODUCED BY ENDOSYMBIO- SIS FROM PROKARYOTES

21. HOMEOSTASIS REFERS TO THE STEADY STATE SITUATION REQUIRED BY ORGANISMS • TURGOR PRESSURE IS THE PRESSURE THAT OCCURS INSIDE A PLANT CELL DUE TO OSMOSIS OCCURRING

22. PLASMOLYSIS OCCURS WHEN A CELL LOSES WATER IN A HYPERTONIC SITUATION • PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE SOME UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS

23. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

24. MITOCHONDRIA INCLUDE THE MATRIX AND THE CRISTAE AS WELL AS A DOUBLE MEMBRANE • ATP IS THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL. IT POSSESSES TWO HIGH ENERGY BONDS.

25. ANAEROBIC MEANS WITHOUT OXYGEN AND THIS TYPE OF RESPIRATION PRODUCES RELATIVELY LITTLE ATP • AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES THE MOST ATPs • GLYCOLYSIS OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM

26. OXYGEN DEBT OCCURS IN ANIMALS WHEN ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION HAPPENS WITH THE BUILD UP OF LACTIC ACID • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS WHERE MOST OF THE ATP IN RESPIRATION IS PRODUCED

27. GLYCOLYSIS RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PYRUVIC ACID AND IT BEGINS BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • OXIDATION IS THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS AND ENERGY • WHEN REDUCTION OCCURS ENERGY AND ELECTRONS ARE GAINED

28. FERMENTATION RESULTS IN ETHYL ALCOHOL IN PLANTS AND IN LACTIC ACID IN ANIMALS. • KREBS CYCLE OCCUR IS THE MATRIX. IT BEGINS AND ENDS WITH OXALOACETATE

29. PLANT NUTRITION

30. CHLOROPHYLL IS THE MAIN LIGHT ABSORBING PIGMENT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS. • PHOTOSYNTHESIS ALLOWS THE CONVERSION OF LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY • CHLOROPLASTS ARE MADE OF THYLAKOIDS, GRANA, AND STROMA

31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTANTS ARE CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER • THE PRODUCTS ARE GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN. • THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT AND LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OCCUR IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

32. THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION PRODUCES ATP AND NADPH AND OXYGEN (THYLAKOIDS) • THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION PRODUCES GLUCOSE (STROMA)

33. CHEMOSYNTHESIS USE CHEMICAL ENERGY TO PRODUCE GLUCOSE • COLOR SPECTRUM REFERS TO THE DIFFERENT COLORS WHICH MAKE UP LIGHT • DIFFERENT COLORS ARE AB- SORBED BY DIFFERENT PIGMENTS

34. CAROTENES AND XANTHOPHYLLS ARE PIGMENTS THAT AID A PLANT IN THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT • THE CALVIN CYCLE OCCURS IN THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION (STOMA)

35. MOST PLANTS ARE C3, BUT THOSE PLANTS THAT SURVIVE IN VERY HOT AND OR VERY DRY AREAS ARE C4. THE C3 AND C4 REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF CARBONS IN THE COMPOUND FIRST FORMED AFTER CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED

36. COENZYMES AID ENZYMES IN THEIR ACTIONS. RESPIRATION COENZYMES ARE NAD, FAD, AND CoA. PHOTOSYTHESIS COENZYME IS NADP.