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Relationships

Relationships. History of relationships research. Pre1960s Festinger , Schachter , & Bach, 1950 1960s-70s Newcomb, 1961 Byrne, 1961 Walster , Aronson, Abrahams, & Rottman , 1966 Dutton & Aron , 1974 1980s Love, Investment model 1990s Evolutionary psych 2000s “Real” relationships.

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Relationships

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  1. Relationships

  2. History of relationships research • Pre1960s • Festinger, Schachter, & Bach, 1950 • 1960s-70s • Newcomb, 1961 • Byrne, 1961 • Walster, Aronson, Abrahams, & Rottman, 1966 • Dutton & Aron, 1974 • 1980s • Love, Investment model • 1990s • Evolutionary psych • 2000s • “Real” relationships

  3. Predictors of attraction (target) • Physical attractiveness • Facial characteristics • Waist-to-hip ratio • Psychological dispositions • Being liked • Being familiar • Having pratfalls • Ovulating • What is beautiful is good (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid)

  4. Predictors of attraction (perceiver or both) • Sex differences • Comparisons • Physiological arousal • Mood • Self-disclosure • Keeping relationship secret • Similarity • Scarcity • Proximity

  5. Major theoretical approaches • Social exchange theory (Blau, 1964) • Equity theory (Walster, Walster, & Berscheid, 1978) • Interdependence theory (Thibaut & Kelley, 1959) • Investment model (Rusbult, 1990) • Attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) • Evolutionary psychology (Buss, Kenrick) • Communal vs. exchange relationships (Clark)

  6. Investment model • Rewards-costs + • Comparison level = satisfaction + • Comparison level for alts + • Investments=commitment=stability = willingness to accomodate • Derogate alternatives • EVLN • What does it predict • How does it differ from equity?

  7. Attachment • Bowlby • Ainsworth “Strange Situation” • Secure, Avoidant, Anxious-ambivalent • Hazan & Shaver, 1987 • Avoidance vs. Ambivalence as separate dimensions • Secure • Preoccupied • Fearful avoidant • Dismissive avoidant • To what extent are these stable? • How do they relate to attributions? • How does this relate to ev psych?

  8. Love (80s) • Rubin’s love scale • Companionate vs. passionate love (Berscheid & Walster, 1978) • Sternberg’s triangular theory (intimacy, passion, commitment) • Love styles (Henrick & Henrick) • eros, ludus, storge, mania, agape, pragma • Sternberg’s love as a theory (scripts) • How can love be best conceptualized?

  9. Murray & Holmes, 2008 • Commitment insurance system • Seek connection vs. avoid rejection • Consider: Self char, partner char, dyad char • Confidence in partner’s love leads to commitment; Doubt to self-protection • Relate to sociometer • Self-esteem effects—are they the only moderators?

  10. Is this conscious? • Differences in collectivist cultures • If = ptr, then ptr committed • Find similar mate value • Maintain match • Comparisons change commitment (like Swann) • Doubt of self leads low SE to doubt ptr • High SE to think ptr loves them more • Laundry list study affected both

  11. If exchange concerns, promote dependence • Coin study • If ptr dependent, then = ptr • If ptr committed, pursue connectedness • Low SE responds to rejection w/ withdrawal • New look interdependence theory • How different from T&K? • From Rusbult? • Attributions to intrinsic vs. instrumental vs. extrinsic motivations • Low SE acts like high under cognitive load • What are implications of this approach for relationships?

  12. Gottman research • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oB6zNcLIH0 • 4 horsemen of the apocalypse • Contempt • Stonewalling • Defensiveness • Criticism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fTAKtDB8fY

  13. Positive relationships • Surprise as important (Berscheid, 1983) • Novel, exciting activities (Aron) • Positive attributions • Assume they love you and make them feel loved (Murray) • Remember the positive • Think you’re better than other couples • Be accurate but positive (Fletcher)

  14. Measurement issues, etc. • IOS (Aron) • Experimental induction of closeness (Aron) • RCI (Berscheid) • Frequency, strength, diversity • Are we accurate vs. enhancing about our relationships?

  15. Evolutionary psych • Parental investment model (Trivers) • What is attractive • Long vs. short term strategies • Jealousy • Scent • Rape • Avoiding temptation • Warding off rivals

  16. Maner & Miller • Justification for college students • Attentional biases • Abbey study • Criticisms of ev psych findings?

  17. Issues with ev psych • Adaptations vs. by-products vs. noise • Examples? • Article is different from early ev psych • Modules • Ultimate and proximate both important • Can ev psych be falsified? • Or are they just HARKing? Is there an ultimate test?

  18. Isn’t it just rationality? • Sexual vs. emotional jealousy • Isn’t socialization important? • Influence of peers • How does culture fit in? • Evoked culture • Transmitted culture • How do recent environmental changes affect evolution? (how long does it take, and why are we still on the Pleistocene fields?)

  19. How do genes figure into evo? • How can evo be applied? • Depression treatment • What can it not explain? • Homosexuality • Suicide • Adoption • Is ev psych too beaten down or too girded up?

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