The Proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO-Status)

1. The Proposed India-basedNeutrino Observatory(INO-Status) Naba K Mondal Tata Institute of Fundamental Research INO Interaction Meeting Kolkata, 31st March, 2003

2. Neutrino Physics in India • Indian initiative in Neutrino Physics goes back nearly 35 years. • Demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of doing neutrino experiment at KGF . • International collaboration experiment to detect atmospheric neutrinos started at KGF in 1964. • Detection of atmospheric neutrino in 1965 • KGF data during the proton decay era was used to look for ultra high energy neutrino sources in the sky. • Bounds on neutrino masses using cosmological data. • Estimation of atmospheric neutrino flux.

3. Atmospheric Neutrinos Atmospheric neutrino detector at Kolar Gold Field –1964

4. KGF Nucleon Decay Expt.

5. Iron Calorimeter

6. Gran Sasso Example • A. Zichichi conceived the idea of building a large underground laboratory close to the Gran Sasso freeway tunnel in 1979. • It formally became one of the INFN national laboratory in 1986. • Currently it has 20 running experiments.

7. INO Collaboration B.S.Acharya, Sudeshna Banerjee, P.N.Bhat, S.R.Dugad, P.Ghosh, K.S.Gothe S.K.Gupta, S.D.Kalmani, N. Krishnan, N. K Mondal, B.K.Nagesh , P.Nagaraj, Biswajit Paul, A.K.Ray, B.Satyanarayana, S.Upadhaya, P.Verma Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai V.M.Datar Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, MumbaiP. Bhattacharya, S.Bhattacharya, S. Chattopadhyay, A.Ghoshal, A.Goswami K. Kar, D.Majumdar, P.B.Pal, S. Saha, M. Sharan, S.Sarkar, S.Sen Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata S. Chattopadhyay, M.R.Datta Mazumdar, P.Ghosh, G.S.N.Murthy, T.Nayak, Y.P.Viyogi Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata  Amitava Raychaudhuri Calcutta University, Kolkata M.V.N.Murthy, D.Indumathi Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai A. Datta, R.Gandhi, S.Goswami, S. Rakshit, P.Mehta Harish Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad S.C.Phatak, D.P.Mahapatra IOP, Bhubaneswar Amit Roy Nuclear Science Centre, New Delhi J.B.Singh, M.M.Gupta, V.Bhatnagar Panjab University, Chandigarh   S.D.Sharma Himachal Pradesh University, Simla A.Joshipura, S.Rindani P.R.L., Ahmedabad A.Bhadra,B.Ghosh,A.Mukherjee,S.K.Sarkar North Bengal University S.Umasankar IIT, Mumbai S.K.Singh AMU Scientific Advisors: G.Rajasekaran, Bikash Sinha, Ramnath Cowsik, V.S.Narasimham, H.S.Mani, Amit Roy

8. Current Initiative • Two phase approach: • Phase I ~ 2 Yrs. • Detector R & D • Site survey • Human resource development through training and workshops • Phase II • Construction of the detector • Detector Possibilities: • Magnetised iron with RPCs or glass spark chambers. • Alternate detector design. • Should be an international facility

9. N up(L/E) N down(L’/E) = P(nm nm; L/E) Measurement of disappearance The disappearance probability can be measured with a single detector and two equal sources: L’ q L = 1 - sin2 (2Q) sin2 (1.27 Dm2L/E) q L

10. INO Detector Concept INO IRON CALORIMETER

11. Glass Spark Chamber It is an RPC with electrodes made of standard float glass instead of Bakelite with a completely different design approach developed at LNGS. Spacers by injection molding (2 mm) Float Glass End caps by injection molding

12. Current Activities • Detector Development. • Detector Simulation. • Physics Studies. • Data Acquisition System. • Site Survey. • International Collaboration.

13. Glass Spark Chamber R & D Started working on Detector R & D

14. Glass Spark Chamber R & D

15. Gas Mixing Unit

16. Detector Simulation Started working on detector simulation using the GEANT Package to optimize the detector design.

17. Physics Capabilities of INO Work in Progress on INO Physics capabilities

18. Other Physics potential • Cosmic ray studies using multiple muon + air shower on surface • Search for magnetic monopoles • Search for WIMPs • Additional studies on Kolar Events, Double core events, anomalous cascades • Neutrinos from factories

19. Possible INO sites • PUSHEP (Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro Electric Project) • RAMMAM Hydro Electric Project Site

20. PUSHEP

21. Location of Rammam

22. Topo Map of Rammam

23. International Collaboration • Such a facility has to be an international effort. • A small beginning in detector collaboration with Gran Sasso Laboratory. • Discussing with JHF proponents on a possible very long base line beam towards INO. • There are lot more to achieve • Detector R & D • Associated Electronics • Simulation software • US has long term commitment towards neutrino physics. India has started R & D effort in this direction. We are discussing with them also for joint development of detector and electronics.

24. Work to do • Detector R & D • Need to complete work on efficiency and noise studies for RPCs using different mixed gas.  • A gas mixing unit with four inputs is getting ready at TIFR. • Similar work is underway at SINP. • Design of HV connector, gas inlet-outlet, pickup electrodes; survey for related materials. • Gas circulation system. • Need to start work on the 12 layer Prototype detector. Size 1 m X 1 m. • ~ 1000 Channel of electronics and associated trigger and DAQ system for the prototype detector. • Market survey on low carbon iron (C10 ?) • Magnet coil design, Cost, Identifying vendors etc. • Detector Engineering issues including machining of iron, FEA studies.

25. Work To do • Simulation • Neutrino flux at PUSHEP and Rammam • Neutrino Generator • Detector Simulation and digitisation • Event reconstruction ( momentum measurement) Need to quickly complete simulation of atmospheric neutrinos and demonstrate the sensitivity of the detector physics subgroup to checks the results and to suggest new physics ideas to simulate . Phenomenologists who are not yet involved  could participate here.

26. Work to do • Site Survey and site preparation: • Interact with various agencies involved in survey. • Interact with engineering farms involved in tunnel making. • Getting realistic ideas on cost and time required to complete tunnel as well as underground chamber. • Permission from various agencies. • Environmental impact survey

27. Work to do • Electronics: • Front end – discriminator • Hit information – Latch • Timing information – TDCs • Trigger • Data Acquisition • Slow control Build electronics for the Prototype now and Simultaneously concentrate on final system design FPGA /ASIC ?

28. Work to do • Manpower development: • Short term solution. • Long term goal. A subgroup may be formed. Members will have the responsibility for outreach programs and creating awareness among students and faculty with the goal of generating human resources. • Collaboration related administrative work • Time to start working on the final draft for the comprehensive project report with inputs from all these activities.

29. Summary • Neutrino Physics has come to the center stage of HEP research. • India has made pioneering contributions in this field at Kolar Gold Field. • Nationwide interest for building a Neutrino Detector in the country exists and has been growing . • A large section of the theoretical particle physics community in India also working in this area. • Most of Neutrino Physics is yet to be discovered. • Such a program in India will complement our accelerator based programs. • Looking forward for support and more participation from the scientific community in India and abroad.