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FORCE AND COERCION

FORCE AND COERCION. CHAPTER TEN. Police-Citizen Interactions. Context of force Reiss Sykes and Brent Methods of regulation Definitional Imperative Coercive. National Estimates of Police Use-of-Force. Bayley Terrill The police-public contact survey (PPCS)

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FORCE AND COERCION

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  1. FORCE AND COERCION CHAPTER TEN

  2. Police-Citizen Interactions • Context of force • Reiss • Sykes and Brent • Methods of regulation • Definitional • Imperative • Coercive

  3. National Estimates of Police Use-of-Force • Bayley • Terrill • The police-public contact survey (PPCS) • A 2005 survey estimated that: • 43.5 million citizens had face-to-face contact with police during the previous year • 707,520 people had force used or threatened against them

  4. Learning to Use Force • Training • Continuum of force 1. Mere presence 2. Verbalization 3. Command voice 4. Firm grips 5. Pain compliance 6. Impact techniques 7. Deadly force

  5. Use of Force • Areas of training 1. Firearms 2. OC spray 3. Taser 4. Self-defense 5. Officer survival 6. Flashlights 7. Canines

  6. Use of Force • Police culture • Controversy and the use of force Type 1: Conflicts with the community Type 2: Conflicts over policy Type 3: Conflicts between norms

  7. Inappropriate Force • Brutality and excessive force • Excessive force • Violence “of a degree that is more than that justified to effect a legitimate police function” • Police brutality • Excessive force that does not support a legitimate police function

  8. Inappropriate Force • Extra-legal police aggression • When a police officer engages in behavior that is intended to injure someone physically or psychologically, but that serves no legitimate police function

  9. Physical and Psychological Force in Police History • Commonplace well into the 1930s • Third degree • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • Deception

  10. Frequency of Excessive Force and Brutality • Barker (1986) • 40% of the 43 officers surveyed used excessive force at times • Sleeping on duty, committing perjury, and having sex on duty were more serious forms of deviant behavior • Carter • 23% believed that excessive force was sometimes necessary • 62% believed an officer had the right to use excessive force against someone who used force against them

  11. Frequency of Excessive Force and Brutality • Friederich (1980) • Police used force only in about 5% of encounters • In about 67% of these encounters the force was considered to be excessive • Rodney King incident

  12. Brutality in the Twenty-First Century • View 1: Brutality is a problem • View 2: Brutality is not a problem • Central policy issues confronting excessive force and police brutality 1. Presence of brutality cannot be gleaned only from “official reports” 2. Citizens may perceive behavior whose purpose is to ensure officer safety as acts of brutality

  13. Brutality in the Twenty-First Century 3. Media are widely and correctly perceived to dramatize police actions that come to their attention 4. Police brutality emerges in the context of a police-citizen interaction 5. Some officers exhibit single or rare instances of excessive force 6. Public has created an environment in which police feel morally justified in the use of force

  14. Deadly Force • Category 1: Death • National Center for Health Statistics • FBI reports • Study of individual cities • From 1949 to 1990, police killed approximately 13,000 people

  15. Deadly Force • Category 2: Injury • Statistics difficult to acquire • Category 3: Noninjury • Individual and situational factors • Those killed by the police are disproportionately young, male, and African American • Majority of victims posed real or imminent threat

  16. Deadly Force • Officer factors • Assignment • Off-duty officers involved in as many as 15 to 20% of instances in the use of excessive force • Race of officer is important

  17. Deadly Force • Environmental and departmental variations • Homicide rate, overall arrest rate, violent- crime arrest rate, gun density • Values, policies, practices of the department

  18. Deadly Force • Racial considerations • African American and Hispanic minorities are more likely to be shot by police than whites whites • Legal and policy changes • States have modified the fleeing felon doctrine • Shooting unarmed, nonviolent suspects is unconstitutional

  19. Deadly Force • Restrictive administrative policies • Courts have made it easier for citizens to file a lawsuit • Social science research has improved our understanding of the reasons for the use of force • Defense-of-life shooting policy

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