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CRIT 1101

Valid Arguments

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CRIT 1101

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    1. CRIT 1101 Section 1.4 – Section 1.6

    2. Valid Arguments – All Deductive Arguments Premises support the conclusion, the argument is said to be valid. No relation between truth & validity. Valid arguments can have: True premises, true conclusion False premises, false conclusion. False premises, true conclusion.

    3. Invalid - All Deductive Arguments Can be a true premises and false conclusion Can be a true premises and true conclusion Can be a false premises and true conclusion Can be a false premise and a false conclusion It is possible for it to be true or false…..there is a shadow of doubt Look at Table 1.1 on page 43 to truly understand

    4. Sound & Unsound Sound Arguments – is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises. Valid + All true premises = A Sound Argument Unsound – is a deductive argument that is invalid or has one or more false premises, or both. Look at Table 1.2 on page 46 to truly understand

    5. Inductive Arguments/ Strong and Weak Strong – Premises support the conclusion. It is improbable that the premises be true and the conclusion be false. Weak – The conclusion does not follow probably from the premise, even though it is claimed to.

    6. Cogent and Uncogent Cogent – in an inductive argument that is strong and all premises are true. If either condition is missing it is an Uncogent. Cogent = Strong Argument + All True Premises

    7. Vertical Pattern Premice implies a conclusion that in turn implies another conclusion. Example: 1. Cheating on term papers and tests are immoral. 2. It is wrong for students to receive academic credit the do not deserve. 3. Those students will graduate w/out the required expertise. And this is wrong because 4. Employees and others will rely on this sham expertise in the years to follow.

    8. Horizontal Pattern When 2 or more premises independently imply a conclusion. Example: 1. Smoking bans in bars and restaurants are justified. 2. Secondhand smoke kills people. Also, 3. It brings on allergic reactions. And 4. It makes hair and clothing smell terrible.

    9. Conjoint Premises 2 or more premises depend on one another in supporting a conclusion. Example: 1. Cures based on the structure of the human genome are a long way off. 2. Such cures depend on knowing how genes direct the activity of proteins, and 3. Discovering this will take years of research.

    10. Multiple Conclusion A single premise supports 1 or more conclusions. Example: 1. Pornography on the Internet is harmful to kids. Therefore, 2. There should be laws to prevent it. Also, 3. Parents should control their kids’ use of computers.

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