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Cells of the Nervous System

Cells of the Nervous System. Two Broad Classes of Cells in the Nervous System. 1. Nerve cells (neurons) 2. Support cells (glia). Neurons come in many different varieties based on size, shape, chemistry, etc. Glia also come in different varieties.

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Cells of the Nervous System

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  1. Cells of the Nervous System

  2. Two Broad Classes of Cells in the Nervous System 1. Nerve cells (neurons) 2. Support cells (glia) Neurons come in many different varieties based on size, shape, chemistry, etc. Glia also come in different varieties. Different varieties allow for optimizing specialized functions of both neurons and glia. Five to ten times as many glia as neurons in the CNS

  3. Four Functions of Neurons 1. Receive and integrate inputs dendrites, soma 2. Generate a nerve impulse (action potential) axon hillock 3. Conduct the action potential axon 4. Transmit information to target cell (neuron, muscle, gland) nerve terminals

  4. Dendrites and cell body Receive and integrate inputs Axon hillock and initial segment Generate action potentials Axon Conducts action potential Terminals Synaptic transmission

  5. Conducts action potential receives and integrates inputs Axon hillock Generates action potential Transmits to target cell Receive and integrate inputs

  6. Synaptosome

  7. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

  8. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function a. sensory neurons b. motoneurons c. interneurons

  9. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar

  10. A B 100μm

  11. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape e.g., pyramidal, stellate, basket, granule, etc.

  12. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect a. excitatory neurons b. inhibitory neurons

  13. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length a. projection neurons (Golgi Type I) b. local neurons (Golgi Type II)

  14. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, etc.

  15. Classifications of Neurons 1. Function 2. Structure 3. Shape 4. Effect 5. Axon length 6. Neurochemical identity

  16. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes • Microglia • Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells

  17. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes a. mechanical support b. metabolic support transport nutrients and wastes c. encapsulate synapses d. regulate chemical and ionic environment e. form scar tissue f. act as phagocytes

  18. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes • Microglia a. act as phagocytes b. part of brain’s immune system

  19. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes • Microglia • Oligodendroglia myelinate axons of central nervous system

  20. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes • Microglia • Oligodendroglia 4. Schwann cells myelinate axons of peripheral nervous system

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