WORKGROUP 1 Combustion and gasification of biomass and wastes for heat and energy WORKGROUP leader

1. EXCELLENCE CENTER THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF SOLID FUELS – Processes of pyrolysis, gasification and combustionof biomass an wastes. WORKGROUP 1 Combustion and gasification of biomassand wastes for heat and energy WORKGROUP leader Krystyna Kubica, PhD

2. FIELDS OF ACTIVITY OF WG No. 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COMBUSTION & CO-COMBUSTION PROCESSES GASIFICATION & MICROCO-GENERATION PROCESSES PYROLYSIS as 1st step of combustion and gasification processes

3. SCOPE OF ACTIVITY • Development of technology for small- and medium- capacity combustion and gasification of biomass • Development of technology of co-combustion of biomass, waste and coal in different types of coal fired boilers • Conceptual design of integrated systems for heat and electricity production in small and medium scale • Demonstration of co-generation installations of different kinds • Development of knowledge on pyrolysis as step of combustion and gasification processes • Estimation of environmental impacts of thermochemical conversion of solid fuels, biomass and wastes

4. EUROPEAN PROJECTSprovided in Institute For Chemical Processing of Coal,Department of Physical Chemistry and Thermal Processing of Fuels (*) In 5th Frame Programme: • GRD1-2000-26821 - A new metallurgical route for the on-line conversion of by-products into valuable mineral and metallic products with a reduction of CO2 emission. (*) • IPS-2000-01068 - Regional innovation strategy for the Silesian Voivodeship. In 4th Frame Programme: • INCO-Copernicus project no. IC15-CT98-0503 - Influence of the co-combustion of coal and biomass on the emission of pollutants in domestic appliances (*) • EU project CIPA-CT92-3009 - Clean coal – derived solid fuels for domestic and power plant combust (*) • EU project DIS-0715-95-UK - Promotion of low emission boilers (*) In Eureka Programme: • EU 1570 – Resicoal- Beneficiation of coal slimes by means of complying with the environmental regulations coal upgrading and burning processes (*)

5. Professionals • Krystyna Kubica Ph.D. - WG 1 leader • Andrzej Bryczkowski Prof. - Chemical engineering (gasification) • Tomasz Chmielniak Ph.D. - Chemical engineering (gasification) • Jolanta Robak Ph.D. - Chemical technology (formed fuels) • Teresa Kordas M.Sc. - Chemistry (chemical analysis) • Jerzy Raińczak M.Sc. - Power engineering (combustion) • Katarzyna Matuszek M.Sc. - Power engineering (combustion) • Daniel Nowakowski M.Sc. - Chemistry (pyrolysis)

6. COMBUSTION AND CO-COMBUSTIONIN FIXED BEDStand for laboratory tests Research on: Expected effects: Modification of boilers & new constructions of small and medium boilers Optimalisation of combustion processes in fixed bed Selection of solid fuels and biomass for boilers Selection of fuel and optimalisation of fuel quality Optimalisation of content of biomass/waste in fuel mixtures with coal; its properties Criteria of standardisation of solid fuels and biomass for its combustion in fixed bed Modelling of combustion and co-combustion processes for industrial conditions Criteria of emission standardisation for domestic boilers

7. OPTIMALISATION OF COMBUSTIONAND CO-COMBUSTION PROCESSESThe stand for testing of solid fuels and boilers is equipped with: • two emitters of height ensuring test execution compliant with polish and foreign standards, including British Standard, one of them is assigned for fuels testing in the CELUS type, constant firing furnace of 5,6 kW power efficiency, and the other one is equipped with water system for heat utilisation, designed for testing of furnace of power efficiency lower than 200 kW. • continuous measurement system of combustion parameters, including temperature, exhaust gases flow and chimney draught with their recording • on line monitoring of exhaust gases composition, including O2, CO, SO2, NOx, CO2, aliphatic hydrocarbons CxHy by SIEMENS of SIGAS type. • SIMATIC – system for data collection and processing. • exhaust gases sampling system, preserving isokinetic conditions, for concentration determination of dust and organic pollutants (VOCs, POPs), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, including benzo(a)pyrene in exhaust gases, taking into consideration emission of organic pollutants absorbed on the dust, and occurring in the gaseous phase.

8. COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS, ENERGO-INVEST, Rybnik,Voivodship Environmental Protection Found project CO-COMBUSTION OF COAL AND BIOMASS, EPEC Elbląg,WR-10 stocked fired boiler, efficiency 10 MWPrimary tests, project of modernisation of installation;Commercial partner CO-COMBUSTION OF COAL AND SLUDGE, EC Rzeszów,WR-25 stocked fired boiler, efficiency 30 MWCommercial partner CO-COMBUSTION OF COAL AND BIOMASS, EC Tychy,fluidized-bed boiler, 25 MWe , 70 MWt, The State Committee for Scientific Researchproject CO-COMBUSTION OF COAL AND BIOMASS, EC Elbląg,pulverised-fuel boiler, 120 MWt; National Environmental Protection Found project COMBUSTION AND CO-COMBUSTIONApplications

9. GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATIONEXPERIMENTAL STAND Research on: Expected effects: • influence of process temperature and gasification agent/fuel ratio • products characteristic and distribution • energy and mass balance • char internal surface development and particle size degradation • process development for different gas application and fuels • data for evaluation and verification of the calculational models • knowledge of different aspects of the process

10. GASIFICATION AND CO-GASIFICATIONAPPLICATIONS • SMALL SCALE BIOMASS GASIFICATION FOR HEAT PRODUCTION; Gasification system for wood and waste,3,5MW; ZM ZAMER, The State Committee for Scientific Research project • SEWAGE SLUDGE GASIFICATION FOR CHP APPLICATION;Research on sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification, modeling of the process; NAS Extension to Contract No: ENK5-CT-2000-00050 • DEMONSTRATION PLANT FOR HEAT AND POWER PRODUCTION INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS AND RDF GASIFICATION; Development of small scale CHP system based on biomass and RDF gasification reactor and gas engine; 25kW, 70kW; Commercial partner

11. PYROLYSIS Temperature range 200-520 oC with 13 temp. steps 20-1200 oC with 2-15 temp. steps Volume of gas collecting system 10 dm3 Process analysis • products distribution • char internal surface development and particle size degradation • chemical structure transformation of organic substances • pollutants emission

12. PYROLYSISInvestigation of the 1st stepof combustion and gasification processes • Forecasting of formation of Total Organic Compounds (VOCs; PAHs; PCDD/F; N,S,O-Organic Compounds etc.); aspect or environmental protection • Forecasting of corrosive effect of combustion and gasification products on constructional material of boilers • Knowledge on thermochemical conversion of organic matter in solid fuels, biomass and wastes • Data collection for modelling of combustion and gasification processes of solid fuels, biomass and wastes

13. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTOF THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSIONOF SOLID FUELS, BIOMASS AND WASTES • Carbon oxide - CO • Carbon dioxide - CO2 • Sulphur dioxide - SO2 • Nitrogen oxides - NOx • Dust • Heavy metals /inorganic spieces Cl-, F-, S-compounds, N-compounds/ • Organic substances (TOC): • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs - 16 PAHs according to EPA) • dioxines and furanes (numbered to the POPs – stabile organic compounds) • benzene and its homologues (BTX) • phenol with its acyclic derivatives • heterocyclic compounds of nitrogen and sulphur • aldehydes and ketones

14. INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT FOR RESEARCH AND TESTING • At laboratory • System PY-GC-Trace 1500 • Spectrophotometer FTIR by “Perkin Elmer” • Spectrophotometer UV-VIS by “Beckman” • Gas chromatograph by “FISONS” • Gas chromatograph by “Carlo Erba” • Gas chromatograph Sichromat 1-4 by “Siemens” • Gas chromatograph Sichromat 2-8 by “Siemens” • Elementary analyser “Perkin Elmer” • Molecular mass analyser through VPO “Knauer” method • For fields testing • on line monitoring of exhaust gases composition, including O2,CO, SO2, NOx, CO2, aliphatic hydrocarbons CxHy by SIEMENSof SIGAS type • System for sampling of pollutants from emission tests

15. ANALYSISOF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL LABORATORY • Total Organic Compounds (tars) /solvent extraction substance/ • Dust • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) /by TD-Gas Chromatography/ • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) /by Gas Chromatography with FID detection/ • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) /16 PAHs according to EPAby FID-Gas Chromatography and GC-MS/ • Phenols / by FID-Gas Chromatography/ • BTX / by FID-Gas Chromatography/ • Gas composition, H2S /by FID-TCD-NPD-Gas Chromatography/ • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) /by HPLC method/ • Aldehydes and ketones /by HPLC method/ • Formaldehyde, ammonia /by UV-VIS Spectroscopy/ • Inorganic Ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, S2-, SO32-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Fe2+, CN-) /by Ion Chromatography/ • Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn, Hg)

16. TWINNING WITH EU UNIVERSITIESAND RESEARCH INSTITUTES Task 3.1 Scope: Modelling of biomass thermochemical destruction in combustion and gasification processes; the role of additives – catalysismodeling of pyrolysis process • catalytic agents • post-combustion catalytic destruction of pollutants Advanced methods for determination of biomass properties nd determination of pollutants emitted from biomass combustion • new and advanced methods for determination of biomass properties as fuel • new and advanced methods for determination of pollutants emitted from biomass combustion Partner: (UL) University of Leeds, Fuel and Energy Department, UK

17. TWINNING WITH EU UNIVERSITIESAND RESEARCH INSTITUTES Scope: New biomass technologies – combustion, gasification, co-generation systems • development and methodology of implementation • testing and verification procedures Harmonization, unification and development of methods and procedures for biomass boilers testing; • methods of boilers testing, • biomass boilers certification • methods of emission factor evaluation • methods for determination POPs Partner:(DTI) Danish Technological Institute, Denmark

18. TWINNING WITH EU UNIVERSITIESAND RESEARCH INSTITUTES Scope: Modelling of pollutants formation thermochemical conversion of biomass, wastes and solid fuels New methods and procedures for solid fuels and biomass testing • new methods and development of methodology testing of solid fuels and biomass • unification and harmonization of the methods • modelling of organic pollutants formation during combustion and gasification processes Partner: (IST) Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal

19. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING COURSES Task 4.2 Scope: Modelling and testing of termochemical destruction processes of biomass and wastes • theory of the processes • existing models and development of models • methods of calculation • experimental verification • other open problems Year 2; 4 days Partners: IST, Ul, DTI, UW, DMT, IUT, CSIC

20. CONFERENCES Task 1.1 Scope: Combustion and Gasification of Biomass and Wastes • modeling of combustion and gasification process, • combustion and co-combustion of biomass and fossil fuels • gasification process and development of reactors construction • biomass boilers construction and development, • environmental impact processes • catalysis and catalytic modification of combustion processes • catalytic agents • post-combustion catalytic destruction of pollutants • economical aspects Year 1; 19 – 21 May 2003

21. CONFERENCES Task 1.3 Scope: Biomass as Fuel for Co-generation Systems • integrated power cycles with biomass and wastes gasification processes, • micro-cogeneration • power cycles integrated with gasification (biomass, wastes) and liquid fuel production • ecological safety • economical aspects Year 3; 19 – 21 May 2005

22. SPECIALIZED SEMINARS Task 2.1  Scope: Instrumental analysis in research of solid derived from biomass and wastes • methods of instrumental analysis in fuel and solid products quality determination • methodology of examination and analysis of measuring error • standard samples • standardization of the testing Year 1; September 2003

23. SPECIALIZED SEMINARS • Task 2.2  Scope: Control and Process Monitoring – Combustion and Gasification Performance • research and measurement procedures • methods of fuels quality determination • design of combustion and gasification processes • procedures for determination of pollutants • legislation in EU and Poland Year 2; 2 days

24. SPECIALIZED SEMINARS Task 2.3  Scope: Standardization in biomass conversion systems • fuel assessment methods and procedures, • quality standards • assessment of technical safety • assessment of heat and power efficiency • assessment of ecological safety Year 3; 2 days

25. NEW EUROPEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS SCAPA Small-Scale Air Pollution Abatement, Emission Control on solid fuels fired in domestic heating appliances,project in 5th FPco-ordinated by EDT, UK; final works/negotiations JUMELAGE Carbon materials and catalysts for environmental protection,Polish-France project co-ordinated by prof. Gerald Djega-Mariadassou from M. and P. Curie University in Paris, France; Directly collaboration of Polish Academy of Sciencewith Polish and French R&D units TOAC Assessment of Toxic Organic Atmospheric Compounds around the EU,project in 6th FP of 14 European countriesco-ordinated by Prof. Ana Mastral from CSIC Zaragoza, Spain

26. EXPECTED RESULTS • Enhanced knowledge in the field of process modelling • Enhanced knowledge in the field of modelling of pollutants formation • Enhanced knowledge in the field of new and advanced measurement techniques in scientific researches • Scientific development of young researchers