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VECTOR DRIVES

Explore the world of vector drives and inverter technology in this comprehensive guide. Learn about the types of vector drives, their applications, and how vector control is achieved. Discover the benefits of vector drives and how they can revolutionize industrial processes.

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VECTOR DRIVES

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  1. VECTOR DRIVES EASA June 2005 “REACHING NEW HEIGHTS” Dave Ruehle and Bill Colton

  2. Outline • Define a Drive • What is an Inverter Drive • Why the Vector was Invented • How Does a Vector Work • What Types of Vectors Exist • Typical Applications for Vector Drives

  3. What is a Drive • Control Circuits • Ancillary devices • Couplings • Feedback • Parts and Pieces • Prime Mover • Mechanical Reduction(s)

  4. What is an Inverter Drive • Terminology • Scalar Drive • VFD • ASD • VVVF • VFI

  5. What is an Inverter Drive • Speed Control Device • Controls STATOR frequency • Rotor changes speed with load • Speed Changes dependant on motor slip • NOT a current controller • Only a current limiter

  6. Why the Vector was Invented • Increase Application Efficiency • Better Speed Control • Better Torque and/or Force Control • More Efficient Use of Power

  7. Why the Vector was Invented • Performance Benefits • Rotor Speed Regulation • Lower Rotor Inertia Requirements • Much Wider Speed Ranges • Torque (or Force) Control • Zero Speed Full Torque

  8. How Inverter Control Is Achieved • Convert AC Input to DC • Filter the DC Power • Create a digital output pulse train varying the frequency and voltage to Stator

  9. How Vector Control is Achieved • Establish the motor/system Model • Stator Resistance • Stator Inductance • Rotor Resistance • Rotor Inductance • Air gap Losses • Machine Losses and Inertia

  10. How Vector Control is Achieved • This is achieved in several fashions • Manual – Programming Each Item • Auto Tuning • Program Basics • Run Tests for Additional Items • Adaptive Tuning • Continuously Adjusting for Changing Conditions • Now The System Model is Established

  11. How Vector Control is Achieved • Hardware Comparison

  12. How Vector Control is Achieved • Monitoring the feedback • Speed • Current • Back EMF • Comparing to Established Model • Adjust accordingly • Amount of Deviation • Motor/System Model

  13. How Vector Control is Achieved Speed Changes

  14. What Types of Vectors Exist • Open Loop (Encoderless) Vector • Establishes the Shaft Position from the current (amp) measurement • Advantages • Lower Initial Cost • Reduced Wiring • Disadvantages • Not as responsive • Limited Speed Range • Difficulty with Impact Loads • Temperature Changes can be Problematic

  15. What Types of Vectors Exist • Closed Loop Vector • Monitors Shaft Position via Feedback • Encoder • Resolver • Advantages • Excellent Speed Regulation • Full Torque at Zero Speed • Systems Capabilities • Very Responsive • Higher Safety • Easier to Tune

  16. What Types of Vectors Exist • Closed Loop Vectors (Cont.) • Disadvantages • Additional Initial Cost • More Wiring • Motor Length • Requires Better Wiring Practice

  17. What Types of Vectors Exist • Space Vector • A method of firing transistor to control a specific element • Current Feedback • Voltage Feedback • Hysteresis • Sine Triggered (Coded) Vector • A method of firing transistors to control the sine wave

  18. Applications for Vector Drives • Extruders • Closed Loop for Clamped Dies • Open Loop for Continuous Feed • Lifts • Closed Loop for Safety • Has been done with Open Loop and Mechanical Load Brakes – consult manufacturers

  19. Applications for Vector Drives • Bridge Drives – Typically Scalar • Trolley Drives – Typically Scalar • Conveyors – Typically Scalar • Centrifugal Loads – Typically Scalar • Potential Energy Savings with Encoderless • Spindle Drives – Typically Closed Loop • Rapid Response Times • Accurate Speed for Tapping • Controlled Grind Speed

  20. Applications for Vector Drives • Winders • Typically Closed Loop for Tension Control • Mooring Winch – Encoderless • Mixers – Typically Scalar • Line Shaft Replacements – Closed Loop with “electronic line shaft” capability • Cut to Length – Closed Loop with Motion Control

  21. Applications for Vector Drives • Flying Shear – Closed Loop with Motion Controller • Stacker Cranes • Horizontal (X) – Scaler or Closed Loop • Elevation (Y) – Closed Loop for Safety • Bins or Forks (Z) – Scaler or Closed Loop • Crushers • Oversized Scaler

  22. Applications for Vector Drives • Types of Braking • D.C. Injection • Shunt Braking – Most Common • Bus Sharing • Line Regenerative

  23. Line Regenerative Applications • Elevators • Hoists • Presses • Centrifuges • Unwind Stands • Windmills • Pumping Jack Drives • Application where Heated Resistors are a problem • Test Stands (dynamometers)

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