Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production

1. Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production

2. Summarized & Presented ByAhmed M. Al-Zahrani – PhD studentAnimal Science DepartmentAdvance Poultry NutritionAdvisor prof. Tariq Shafey

3. Contents • Introduction • Source of Methionine • Comparative Bioeffcacy of DLM and LMA •  Absorption and Transportation •  Interrelationship between Methionine and Other Nutrients • Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur • Methyl Donors • Protein Level in the Diet

4. Contents • Methionine and Heat Stress. • Effect of Methionine on the Immune System • Methionine Requirement • Broiler Chickens • Laying Hens • Conclusions

5. Introduction

6. This presentation • Effects of supplementation • Effects of DLM and LMA sources.

7. Importance of Methionine: • EAS for protein synthesis. • methyl donor group. • precursor in metabolic pathways. • Involved in polyamine synthesis. • As a sulfur donor. • Enhance production. • First limiting amino acid • Reduce cost.

8. Balance of EAA help to: Enhances growth. Maximizes ediblemeat yield. Reduces carcass fat. Balance animal’s nutrient intake. • ↑ Methionine: • Impair body weight gain. • 0.5% ↑ not harmful to broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets.

9. Deficiency has a significant negative impact • Growth. • Metabolic disorder. • Disease.

10. Why more methionine supp. required? Because: • The need for plant protein source▲ instead of animal protein. • Using byproducts of seed oil ▲ • Used in two forms: • DLM. • HMTBA HydroxyMethyleThioButanic Acid.

11. Source of Methionine

12. Synthesis Methionine produced from propylene (a petroleum derivative). • DLM & LMA is known as: • DL-Methionine (DLM: powder form). • DL-2-hydroxy-4-[methyl] butanoic acid: • LMA: liquid 88% • & powder 84%

14. Comparative Bioeffcacyof DLM and LMA

15. Bioavailability of LMA compared with DLM in 65-90%. • Bioavailability difference of DLM & LMA remain unclear. • Biological efficiencies of LMA were 81 and 79% of the values for DLM, on an equimolar basis, for weight gain and feed conversion ratio, respectively. • LMA is an acceptable source of methionine (88% bioefficacy) for broiler chicks.

16. Regression analysis revealed that: • LMA asefficacious aspureDLMonan as-fed basis, was: • meanwhile LMA as efficacious as DLM on a weight-for- weightwas:

17. The effects of dietary treatments on growth performance of male broiler chickens from 0-6 weeks of age

18. comparing the gain-response curve to dietary levels of LMA and DLM: • Both have different dose-response forms. • LMA outperforms DLM at commercial levels, whereas DLM outperforms LMA at deficient levels.

19. Absorption and Transportation

25. Transport • What & How? • The cell membrane consists of 2 layers of protein molecules enclosing a middle layer of lipid (fat) molecules. • Many tiny openings or pores. • The cell membrane is famous for its selective permeability. • The processes to pass cell membrane: (Diffusion, active transport & ingestion)

27. Interrelationship between Methionine and Other NutrientsDietary Cyst(e)ineandSulfurMethyl DonorsProtein Level in the Diet

28. Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur • Methionine have many interrelationships with other nutrients. WHY? because many metabolic pathways and other nutrients (cystine, choline, betain, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate) involve methionine. • The molar efficacies of methionine, 1/2 cystine and cysteine were the same. • Poultry require meth. & cysteine for protein synthesis.

29. Methyl Donors • Methionine, betaine and choline are methyl donors that play important roles in methylation reactions. • Eeffect of methionine is unique and other methyl donors could not substitute for methionine.

30. Protein Level in the Diet • Level of methionine depend on the protein concentration. • TSAA level depends on the dietary protein level. It does not change with age when it is expressed in terms of dietary protein. • Broiler chick’s requirement for TSAA increased with increasing dietary protein concentrations. • The amino acid requirements tended to ↓as protein content ↑.

31. In laying hens when the ratio of protein: methionine was kept constant:- • Methionine sup. to (18% CP) ↓ egg production. • Methionine sup. To (14 and 16% CP) ↑ production. • ↑ cysteine content by ↑ dietary protein →↓methionine requirement.

32. Methionineand Heat Stress

33. ↑ temp. → ↓ feed intake to maintain homeothermy. • Imbalance amino acid or methionine deficiency →↑ heat production when temp. is ↑. • Raising broiler at ↑ temp. requires higher TSAA. • Dietary protein produces a ↑ heat increment. So we need to replace it with essential amino acids during ↑ temp.

34. ↓ limiting amino acid or protein content in the diet negatively affects production performance. • Arg: Lys, methionine source and duration of exposure to heat stress affected protein utilization in hyperthermic birds. • Methionine to a low-protein diet →↓mortality of hens under heat stress.

35. Effects of additional methionine in low-protein diet on production performance of laying hens from 24 to 44 weeks of age under heat stress (35°C)

36. Net absorption during heat of LMA was significantly↓than DLM (broiler chicks 21 to 42 days of age). • At ↑temp. (35°C): • length and weight of the small intestine ↓. • Absorption rate of both methionine sources ↑ compared to that under thermoneutral conditions (22°C). They also suggested a higher absorption velocity for DLM than that for LMA. Uptake & utilization in heat-stressed birds into intestinal epithelial cells were : ↓ forDLM but not for LMA.

37. Effect of Methionine on the Immune System

38. High methionine supplementation promotes good health for poultry. For example: improved leukocyte migration inhibition, cellular immune response and humoral immune response. ↑ blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin and antibody response to Newcastle disease virus.

39. Methionine overcome growth depression. • TSAA supp. of diets containing aflatoxin improved performance in chickens.  • ↑(DLM and LMA) →↓intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. and may ↓ the risk of necrotic enteritis. • The toxicity of LMA was low relative to DLM.

40. Methionine RequirementBroiler Chickens Laying Hens

41. Broiler Chickens

42. Feed consumption is mainly controlled by dietary energy. • Level and balance of (EAA) significantly affected feed intake, consequent weight gain and carcass composition. • Broiler chicks react to amino acid deficiencies within a short period (hours) by adjusting feed intake.

43. TSAA requirement ↑ than methionine: for maximum feed utilization and breast meat yield than for obtaining maximum weight gain. • based on the feed conv. ratio in broilers : • 0.95% TSAA most profitable if grown to 1.7 kg. • 0.85% TSAA most profitable if grown to 2.2 kg.

44. Genetic diversity influences the methionineutilization. • Different strains require different amounts of methionine. • ↑Methionine→: • ↑ breast meat. • ↓ abdominal fat pad. due to a good balance of AA

45. Broiler nutrition recommendations according to the nutrition guideline of strains

46. Laying Hens

47. Methionine expressed as mg/day. • NRC (1994) reported : • Above 413 mg/day → : • ↑ Albumen total solids and protein. • At 507 and 556 mg/day →: • ↑ yolk protein compared to 413

48. Investigators found the following: • White-egg laying hens require ↓ TSAA than brown-egg laying hens. • Commercial laying hens require ↑TSAA than the NRC (1994) recommendation.

49. The requirement for maximum egg production is ↓ than for maximum feed utilization. And the requirement for egg quality is ↑ than for egg production and feed utilization. • Methionine intake should be ↑than 420 mg/day to maximize the quantity and quality of egg production.

50. Conclusions • Methionine is important for poultry production. • Level should carefully considered. • Requirement to support immune system is high because it is needed for protein synthesis & to produce some antioxidants. • Absorption and utilization of DLM and LMA under heat stress is unclear (complicated.) • In normal situations, LMA can be used as a source of methionine.