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Napoleon I (1804-1814). “Bonaparte,” 1798 Jacques Louis David FIRST CONSUL. Europe in 1800. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoléon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David. December 2, 1804. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoléon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David. Napoléon’s Throne.
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Napoleon I (1804-1814)
“Bonaparte,” 1798 Jacques Louis David FIRST CONSUL
“Consecration of the Emperor Napoléon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804
“Consecration of the Emperor Napoléon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David
The “Empire” Style Madame Recamier by David, 1808
Centralized French gov’t w/ N at the top. Enormous bureaucracy created to run country jobs=loyalty to “France” (Napoleon) Royalists get amnesty for a loyalty oath Royalists love Napoleon. Civil Code of 1804: Uniform code, no local exceptions and w/ All men = under the law. Single, usable and public code that was organized systematically. Clearer, more straightforward, and accessible to all. Guaranteed property rights and protection under the law to all male citizens. No equal rights for women really. How Freedom of religion. Napoleon’s Domestic policies
Concordat of 1801: Napoleon ended the rift between the church and the state Papacy renouncing claims over church property seized during the Revolution; France allowed to nominate or depose bishops. In return, priests who had resisted the Civil Constitutions of the Clergy would replace those who had sworn an oath to the state Extended legal toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheists who all received same civil rights Church attendance increased. Church regained its legitimacy and freedom to function in society Concordat with the Papacy
SeaPower 1805: France Britain Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!) Fr. Navy eliminated for rest of war. No invasion of Britain Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns
“Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns -Danube-Italy 1805: France Britain Austria Russia(3rd Coalition) • ULM: France defeated Austria. • AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia • France gained A’s possession in Italy, incl. Venice. Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns Confed.of theRhine 1806: France Prussia Napoleon organizes C of R as a Fr. Satellite state of German states (buffer v. Aus. and Pr.) Goodbye HRE! JENA: French Troops in Berlin! BERLIN DECREES(“Continental System”) 4th Coalition created
British Cartoon • Goal: To starve the British economy since he couldn’t defeat them militarily. • All Nap’s allies and subjects to boycott Britain by not sending any shipments to them • Britain didn’t suffer as intended • France suffered more b/c industrialization delayed “Continental System” (1806-1812)
Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns Poland 1807: France Russia FRIEDLAND: France defeated Russian troops : France occupied Konigsberg, capital of East Prussia! Grand Duchy of Warsaw, another Fr satellite state created, via Treaty of Tilsit. Prussia cedes territory Russia gets free hand to deal with Otomans, but not Constantinople. Tsar will support Fr. V. GB now
“Napoléon on His Imperial Throne” 1806 By Jean AugusteDominique Ingres
Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807) With the permission of our august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.
Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807) Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.
Marie Louise(of Austria)married Napoléon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna
Marie Louise(of Austria)withNapoléon’s Son (Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832)
Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810 ContinentalSystem 1807: France Spain Portugal • Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. • France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. • Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well! • 1808 N deposed Sp Bourbon rule and installed brother Joseph as King of Spain • PW is a serious drain on Fr. resources
“Napoléon in HisStudy” 1812 by David
Napoléon’s Family Rules! • Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. • Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain • Louise Bonaparte King of Holland • Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy • Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome • Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany • Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples
Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812 614,000 French troops
Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino.
Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
The 6th Coalition Napoléon’sDefeat 1813-1814: France Britain, Russia.Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states
Battle of Dresden (Aug., 26-27, 1813) • Coalition Russians, Prussians, Austrians. • Napoléon’s forces regrouped with Polish reinforcements. • 100,000 coalition casualties; 30,000 French casualties. • French victory.
Napoléon’s Defeat at Leipzig(October 16-17, 1813) “Battle of the Nations” Memorial
Napoléon Abdicates! • Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814. • Napoléon abdicated on April 6. • Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. • The royalists took control and restoredLouis XVIII to the throne.
“The War of the 7th Coalition” Napoleon’s“100 Days” France 1815: Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states • Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days. • Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.
The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815) • Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: • Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. • Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. • Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.
Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Mauricede Tallyrand (Fr.)
Key Principles Established at Vienna • Balance of Power • Legitimacy • Compensation • Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. • France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo(June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher
Changes Made at Vienna (1) • France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. • Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). • Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories. • A Germanic Confederation of 39 states was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. • Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy. • The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.
Changes Made at Vienna (2) • Norway and Sweden were joined. • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. • Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom. • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. • Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa. • The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies. • The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise. • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging). • Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.
