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Silicon. Silanes Silica, silicates, and zeolites Silicones Pure silicon Computer chips. Silanes : Si n H 2n+2 Same structure as alkanes All unstable, pyrophoric : SiH 4 + 2 O 2 SiO 2 + H 2 O Generally not stable beyond Si 8 or so. No “ silenes ” because … __________________.
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Silicon • Silanes • Silica, silicates, and zeolites • Silicones • Pure silicon • Computer chips
Silanes: SinH2n+2Same structure as alkanesAll unstable, pyrophoric: SiH4 + 2 O2 SiO2 + H2OGenerally not stable beyond Si8 or so. No “silenes” because … __________________
Why would silanes be so much less stable than alkanes? Bond Energies, kJ/mol: C-C 346 C-H 413 C-O 358 Si-Si 222 Si-H 328 Si-O 452
Silica and Silicates Silica: SiO2 Si = +4 O = -2 Crystalline = quartz Noncrystalline = vitreous
Silicates: Si-O anions + metal cations • General Rules: • Si always makes 4 Si-O bonds • O can be terminal (Si-O) or bridging (Si-O-Si) • Charge comes from Si = +4, O = -2
Structure depends on O/Si ratioSiO4Predict Si2O7Predict Si3O9
O/Si Ratio: 4 3.5 3
O/Si Ratio: 2.5 2.75 2
Aluminosilicates: ZeolitesSiO2 base structureSubstitute some Si atoms with Al
Another representation Ball and stick Tetrahedral connectivity
Different arrangements lead to different pore spaces.
Charge and counter ions Pure SiO2, 0% Al replacement 10% Al replacement
Affinity for water 10% Al replacement Pure SiO2, 0% Al replacement
Zeolites and Catalysis Purpose of a catalyst: increase rate, selectivity Desired: react para isomer to form terephthalic acid Problem: under reaction conditions, three isomers can interchange So, might end up with wrong isomers of C6C4(CO2H)2
Solution Catalyze reaction inside a zeolite pore that only accommodates the para isomer.
Polydimethylsiloxane is the most common and available silicone.