BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II

1. BIOL 2030 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is the function of the heart? the heart’s function is to… Pump characteristics: Essentially ______________, hence 2 routes! -____________ -____________

2. Where should the tin man look for a heart? Location -________________ -________________ Size -___________ Orientation -_________

3. What is the external anatomy of the heart? Heart held in position via attachments: -on top: ______________ -below:

4. Fibrous pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity What is the external anatomy of the heart? Heart surrounded by a double-layered protective sac the _______________ Consists of three layers: _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________He died of a broken heart... ___________________

5. What is the external anatomy of the heart? • _____________ • right = ________left = _________“_________” ______________ • _______ • _________________(divides atria and ventricles) • _________________ (divides ventricles)

6. What is the external anatomy of the heart? The cardiac sulci are marked by ___________, which are associated with ____________________.

7. What is the external anatomy of the heart? Vessels associated with sulci… __________________ (Right and Left) __________________ (anterior and posterior)

8. What happens if a thrombus/embolus ends up in these vessels?

9. What is the external anatomy of the heart? Vessels associated with sulci… __________________ _______________ return blood to heart via… ? ________________ To what chamber?

10. 1 3 2 What is the internal anatomy of the heart? _____________ -3 entrances *__________ *__________ ______________ _______________ - - - …to pulmonary trunk

11. 3 1 4 2 What is the internal anatomy of the heart? ______________4 entrances (_____________) ____________ (Mitral valve) _____________: Exit semilunar valves… to __________________ _____________________separates the R&L ventricles _____________ separates R&L atria ____________ or ______________?

12. What is the anatomy of the heart wall? The 3 “cardiums” or layers of the heart wall: _________: smooth serous membrane and loose connective tissue _________: thick muscular layer _________: simple squamous epithelium and fibrous connective tissue

13. What is the histology of the heart wall? Cardiac histology Characteristics: branch Intercalateddiscs nucleus myofibril Slower onset and longer duration of contraction sarcomere Why? mitochondria

14. Take 5!!! Under resting conditions most ATP produced in cardiac muscle is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids. During periods of heavy exercise, however, cardiac muscle cells use lactic acid as an energy source. Why is this an advantage? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

15. What controls the timing and sequence of a heart beat? _________ “fires” Impulse reaches ___ ______, 0.1 sec delay Impulse travels to __ _______ (Bundle of His) Impulse travels down _________ _______________ Finally back up ______________

16. What happens when your pacemaker loses time? ____________:when tissue other than SA node initiates action potential If not SA node what other possibilities?

17. How can we represent this electrical activity? Electrodes used to measure change electric potential = ____________________ Each wave represents an electric potential Where is atrial repolarization? P wave = ________________ QRS complex = __________ _______________________ T wave = ____________ __________________

18. What is the cardiac cycle? Terms can refer to atrial or ventricular condition… However, if not specified it is always ventricular Two terms used to describe status of myocardium:______ = contraction______= relaxation

19. What is the cardiac cycle? Distinct periods occurring include: Ventricular Systole 1) period of _______ _________ 2) period of _________

20. What is the cardiac cycle? Ventricular Diastole 3) period of ________ ________ 4) period of _______ _______ _______ (70%) 5) period of _______ ________ ____

21. Take 5!!! Fibrillation is abnormal, rapid contractions of different parts of the heart that prevent the heart muscle from contracting as a single unit. Why does atrial fibrillation not cause immediate death, but ventricular fibrillation does? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

22. What makes the rhythm of this drum in my chest? Normal heart sounds Heart sounds are caused by… Mitral valve stenosis Consists of: “Lubb” = “Dup” = Sometimes a third sound =

23. How is the heart’s activity regulated? The heart is regulated in two fashions… • 1) ______________depends on characteristics of the heart itself(in or out of the body!) • ____________ • ______________ (preload relates to stroke volume)

24. How is the heart’s activity regulated? • 2) ____________depends on neural and hormonal control • _______________ via vagus nerves < heart rate “vagal stimulation” • _______________ via cardiac nerves > heart rate & > force of contraction • _______________ > rate & > force...via which ones?

25. How is homeostasis of the heart achieved? __________monitor conditions including: 1) Changes in pressure (______________) in major arteries work with medulla oblongata 2) Changes in chemistry (_____________) in medulla oblongata (CO2) and major arteries (O2) Effects of ions 1) ________+ can decrease heart contraction to heart block2) _________++ can increase rate (death due to skeletal muscle tetany) Effects of temperature = ?

26. What are some of the diseases/disorders of the heart? • Congenital heart defects: • Septal defects • Patent ductus arteriosus • Stenosis • Incompetent (prolapsed) valve • Cyanosis • CHF • Hypertension • Endocarditis • Myocarditis • Rheumatic fever (endocarditis) • Coronary heart disease • Angina pectoris • Myocardial infarction