Development of Silicon Sensors for Tracking Systems: MPD, CBM and BM@N at NICA and FAIR

1. Michael Merkin SINP MSU Development of Silicon Sensors for Tracking Systems: MPD, CBM and BM@N at NICA and FAIR Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

2. The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR Primary Beams • 1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+ • 1010/s 238U73+ up to 35 GeV/u • 3x1013/s 30 GeV protons SIS100: Au 11 A GeV SIS300: Au 35 A GeV p-Linac SIS18 SIS100/300 UNILAC Secondary Beams • range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u; up to factor 10 000 higher in intensity than presently • antiprotons 3 - 30 GeV HESR Storage and Cooler Rings • radioactive beams • 1011 antiprotons 1.5 - 15 GeV/c, • stored and cooled CR &RESR APPA Technical Challenges NESR 100 m • cooled beams • rapid cycling superconducting magnets • dynamical vacuum Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

3. The BM@N challenge : • to prove QGP creation through self-amplified long-range spinodial correlations NICA BM@N Booster, Nuclotron • The NICA-MPD challenge : • to prove QGP creation in high net baryon density region SPD Collider MPD Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

4. The BM@N experiment project • measurements of the multistrange objects (Ξ, Ω, exotics) & hypernuclei in HI collisions • close to the threshold production in the region of high sensitivity to the models prediction GIBS magnet (SP-41) TS-target station, T0- start diamond detector, STS - silicon tracker, ST- straw tracker, DC- drift chambers, RPC- resistive plate chambers, ZDC- zero degree calorimeter, DTE – detector of tr. energy. Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

5. MPD detector at NICA Magnet :0.5 T T0, Trigger :FFD Centrality & Event plane : ZDC Stage 1 (2017) TPC, BarrelTOF & ECAL, ZDC, FFD Stage 2: IT + Endcaps(tracker,TOF,ECAL) FFD Tracking (|h|<2):TPC PID: TOF, TPC, ECAL 0.5<p<1 GeV/c Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

6. The CBM experiment at FAIR Transition Radiation Detectors Resistive Plate Chambers (TOF) Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Electro- magnetic Calorimeter Silicon Tracking System Projectile Spectator Detector (Calorimeter) Micro Vertex Detector Target Dipole Magnet Muon Detection System two configurations: - electron-hadron - and muon setup Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

7. Tracking systems design constraints • Coverage: • rapitidies from center-of mass to close to beam • aperture 2.5° <  < 25° (less for BM_N) • 4π for MPD • Momentum resolution • δp/p  1% • field integral 1 Tm, • 25 µm single-hit spatial resolution • material budget per station ~1% X0 • No event pile-up • 10 MHz interaction rates • self-triggering read-out • signal shaping time < 20 ns • Efficient hit & track reconstruction • close to 100% hit eff. • > 95% track eff. for momenta >1 GeV/c • Minimum granularity @ hit rates < 20 MHz/cm2 • maximum strip length compatible with hit occupancy and S/N performance • largest read-out pitch compatible with the required spatial resolution • Radiation hard sensors compatible with the CBM physics program • 1 × 1013neq/cm2 (SIS100) • 1 × 1014neq/cm2 (SIS300) • Integration, operation, maintenance • compatible with the confined space in the dipole magnet Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

8. System concept • Aperture: 2.5° <  < 25° (some stations up to 38°). • 8 tracking stations between 0.3 m and 1 m downstream the target. • Built from double-sided silicon microstrip sensors in 3 sizes, arranged in modules on a small number of different detector ladders. • Readout electronics outside of the physics aperture. Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

9. Assessment of tracking stations – material budget station 4 electronics sensor: 0.3% X0 r/o cables: 2×0.11% X0 side view front view Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

10. Assessment of tracking stations – sensor occupancy sensor occupancy := ratio “nb. of hit strips : nb . of all strips“ in a sensor Y/cm station 1 Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

11. Assessment of tracking stations – hit cluster size cluster of strips := number of adjacent strips in a sensor that fired simultaneously distribution for full STS in station 4 mean: 2.7 Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

12. MPD ITS status NICA MPD-ITS Th Computer model simulations by V.P.Kondratiev and N.Prokofiev, SPbSU Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

13. Sensor development – involvement of Hamamatsu , an attempt to repeat at vendors in Russia, Belarussia, and Czech Republics The CBM-MPD STS Consortium: change in sensor production policy – mixed DSSD SSSD structure of STS (based on experience gotton!) SSSD-sandwich: the Consortium responsibility: • Hamamatsu, Japan (42х62), • On-SemiConductor, Czech Rep. (62х62) • RIMST,RF • “Integral”, Belorussia • auxiliary chipcable (SE RTIIE) DSSD: German Party responsibility – CiS, Erfurt (62х62) Hamamatsu, Japan(42х62), double metal on P-side Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

14. Microstrip sensors • double-sided, p-n-n structure • width: 6.2 cm • 1024 strips at 58 m pitch • three types, strip lengths: 2, 4, 6 cm, 4 cm • stereo angle front-back-sides 7.5° • integrated AC-coupled read-out • double metal interconnects on p-side, or replacement with an external micro cable • operation voltage up to few hundred volts • radiation hardness up to 1 × 1014 neq/cm2 4” and 6” wafers, 300 µm thick test and full-size sensors Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

15. Prototype microstrip sensors under study: replacement for integrated 2nd metal layer external on-sensor cable CBM05 CBM05H4 CBM05H2 Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

16. Sensor N-side Contact Pads Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

17. N-side poly-Si resistors Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

18. N-side p-stops configuration Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

19. N-side Guard Rings Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

20. Sensor P-side 1st and 2nd metal Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

21. Sensor P-side 1st and 2nd metal details Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

22. P-side Guard Rings Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

23. 9 structures from CiS: • Size 7 x 7 mm2, • Active area 5х5 mm2, • Thickness - 280 mkm • 6 structures from RIMST: • Size - 10 x 10 mm2, • Active area ~8 x 8 mm2, • Thickness 300 mkm Irradiations Studies Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

24. Doses CiS: • 7.3х1010n/сm2, • 7.3х1011n/сm2, • 1.6х1012n/сm2, • 1.0х1013n/сm2, • 1.8х1013n/сm2, • 6.4х1013n/сm2 • RIMST: • 1.5х1012n/сm2, • 1.2х1013n/сm2, • 2.1х1013n/сm2 Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

25. Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

26. Results Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

27. Full Depletion Voltage Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

28. Good agreement with known data on current degradation for high doses . • Not so good for low doses, but might be it because of mistakes in dose measurements. • Expected behavior for full depletion voltage Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

29. Readout chip STS-XYTER full-size prototype dedicated to signal detection from the double-sided microstrip sensors in the CBM environment fast  low noise  low power dissipation new w.r.t. n-XYTER architecture: effective two-level discriminator scheme design V1.0 @ AGH Kraków UMC 180 nm CMOS produced 2012 die size 6.5 mm × 10 mm Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN

30. Thank you for your attention! Prague, ASI Symmetries and SPIN