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Anatomy Basics

Anatomy Basics. Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 1. Terms. Anatomy study of the the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another. Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function. Levels of Structural Organization. Atoms Cells Tissues

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Anatomy Basics

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  1. Anatomy Basics Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 1

  2. Terms • Anatomy • study of the the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another. • Physiology • Study of how the body and its parts work or function.

  3. Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms • Cells • Tissues • Organ • Organ system • Organism

  4. Definitions • Cell • Smallest unit of a living thing

  5. Definitions • Tissue • group of similar cells that have a common function • 4 main types • Connective • Epithelial • Muscle • Nervous

  6. Definitions • Organ • Structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body • Examples • Heart • Brain • Lung

  7. Definitions • Organ System • A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function • Examples • Digestive • Circulatory • Respiratory

  8. Definitions • Organism • highest level of organization in a living thing • 11 organ systems in the human body

  9. Organ Systems • Urinary (Excretory) • Respiratory • Integumentary • Muscular • Endocrine • Reproductive • Skeletal • Digestive • Circulatory (Cardiovascular) • Nervous

  10. Integumentary system • External body covering - SKIN • Waterproofs, cushions and protects • Serves in excretion and temperature regulation

  11. Skeletal System • Bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints • Supports body • Provides framework for muscles to cause movement • Protects internal organs

  12. Muscular System • Enables the body to move

  13. Nervous System • Fast acting control system • Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs

  14. Endocrine System • Slower-acting control system • Glands that produce hormones • Controls growth, reproduction, food use, etc.

  15. Cardiovascular System • 3 main parts • Heart • blood vessels • blood • Carries oxygen, nutrients, etc. to and from tissues.

  16. Lymphatic System • Helps return fluids leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels • Cleanses blood • Role in immunity

  17. Respiratory System • Gets oxygen into the body / bloodstream • Removes carbon dioxide

  18. Digestive System • Tube running from mouth to anus • 2 jobs that work together: • Breaks down food • Absorbs nutrients for use by the body

  19. Urinary System • Removes nitrogen waste products from blood and flushes them from the body in urine

  20. Reproductive System • Produce offspring

  21. Major Life functions • Maintaining boundaries • integumentary • Movement • Muscular • skeletal • Responsiveness • Nervous • Breaking down food • digestive • Metabolism (using food to provide energy) • Digestive; respiratory; circulatory; endocrine • Excretion • Urinary • digestive • Reproduction • Reproductive • endocrine • Growth • endocrine

  22. Survival Needs • Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Body temperature • Atmospheric pressure • All these must be present in appropriate amounts

  23. Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position • Left and right are from SPECIMEN’S point of view

  24. Regional Terms – anterior landmarks • Abdominal • Axillary • Brachial • Carpal • Cervical • Coxal • Digital • Femoral • Nasal • Oral • Orbital • Patellar • Pelvic • Pubic • Sternal • umbilical

  25. Regional Terms – posterior landmarks • Calcaneal • Cephalic • Deltoid • Gluteal • Lumbar • Occipital • Sacral • Scapular • Vertebral

  26. Directional Terms • Superior • Inferior

  27. Directional Terms Anterior Posterior

  28. Directional Terms • Medial • Lateral

  29. Directional Terms • Proximal • Distal

  30. Directional Terms • Superficial • Deep

  31. Body Planes and Sections • Section • Plane • Sagittal • Frontal ; coronal • Transverse

  32. Planes • Sagittal • Left/right

  33. Planes • Frontal (coronal) • Anterior/posterior

  34. Planes • Transverse • Inferior/superior

  35. Body Cavities Body cavities – provide protection to organs

  36. Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity • Contains brain • Spinal cavity • Contains spinal cord

  37. Ventral Body Cavity • Contains the visceral organs • All structures in chest and abdomen • 2 divisions • Thoracic cavity • Above diaphragm • Abdominopelvic cavity • Below diaphragm

  38. In an auto accident • Which organs are most vulnerable?

  39. Two fundamental divisions of the body • Axial • Appendicular

  40. Serous membranes • 2 membranes • Parietal • lines body cavity • Visceral • Covers organs • Fluid in between

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