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International Migration Between ASEAN Australia

International Migration Between ASEAN Australia. by Graeme Hugo ARC Australian Professorial Fellow Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide

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International Migration Between ASEAN Australia

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  1. International Migration Between ASEAN Australia by Graeme Hugo ARC Australian Professorial Fellow Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide Presentation to International Population Conference on Migration, Urbanisation and Development, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur  8 July 2013

  2. Outline of Presentation • Introduction • Global Context – Migration and Development • International Migration and ASEAN • Permanent Migration to Australia • Temporary Migration • Characteristics of Migrants • Return Migration • Policy Issues • Conclusion

  3. Global Context • Increase in Personal Mobility • Increased Diversity of Movement • Major Developments in Migration Thinking and Policy - Migration and Development - The Role of Diaspora - Migration and Environment - Transnationalism Vs Permanent Settlement - Regional Co-operation

  4. Migration and Development ‘Population dynamics and the restructuring of economies have contributed to increasing awareness among policy makers about the key role that international migrants play in satisfying labour demand in particular sectors and in maintaining the international networks necessary for the operation of the global economy … international migration is an integral part of the development process and the functioning of modern economies’. UN Secretary General 2010, 3

  5. Transnationalism ‘… populations of migrant origin who are scattered among two or more destinations, between which there develop multifarious links involving flows and exchanges of people and resources: between the homeland and destination countries, and among destination countries’. Van Hear, Pieke and Vertovec (2004, 3)

  6. Key Developments • UN High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development October 2013 • Post 2015 UN Development Agenda • Global Forum on Migration and Development

  7. Global International Migration, 1980-2013Source: United Nations, 2011 and 2013

  8. The number of international migrants: absolute change and percentage change between 2000 and 2013, by regionSource: United Nations 2013

  9. World International Migrant Stock in Destination Countries in Thousands, 2010Source: United Nations, 2011

  10. Migrant Stocks by Country of Origin, 2010Source: World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix

  11. International Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 2010 (millions and percentages)Source: United Nations, 2012, p. 1

  12. Key International Migration Trends in ASEAN • Increased scale and diversity • Increased intra-ASEAN migration • Migration to OECD countries • Temporary Labour Migration • Temporary Skilled Migration • Marriage Migration • Student Migration • Forced Migration

  13. Migrants from ASEAN by Country of Destination, 2010Source: World Bank Bilateral Estimates of Migrant Stocks in 2010

  14. Largest ASEAN Migrant Stocks 2010Source: World Bank

  15. Intra ASEAN Migration Stocks 2010Source: World Bank

  16. ASEAN: Emigration Rates Around 2000Source: Dumont, Spielvogel and Widmaier 2010

  17. Southeast Asia: Remittance Inflows, US$ Million, 2000-12Source: World Bank

  18. Australia: Distribution of Birthplace of Overseas-Born, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  19. Distribution of Birthplace of Settlers to Australia, 1970Source: DIMIA 1972 Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics

  20. Australia: Birthplace Country of Settler Arrivals, 2010-11Source: DIAC unpublished data

  21. Australia: ASEAN-born Population, 1911 to 2011Source: Australian Censuses

  22. Australia: Growth of the Population by ASEAN Birthplace Country, 2006 to 2011Source: ABS 2006 and 2011 Censuses

  23. permanent movement – persons migrating to Australia and residents departing permanently; • long term movement – temporary visa holders arriving and residents departing temporarily with the intention to stay in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more, and the departure of temporary visa holders and the return of residents who had stayed in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more; • short term movement – travellers whose intended or actual stay in Australia or abroad is less than twelve months.

  24. Australia: ASEAN Countries Birthplace by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2011-12Source: DIAC unpublished data

  25. Australia: Eligibility Category of Permanent Additions born in ASEAN and Other Regions, 2002 to 2011Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues

  26. Australia: Permanent Additions of ASEAN-Born, 2001-02 to 2010-11Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues

  27. Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by Ancestry, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  28. Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by Top 5 Ancestry Groups, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  29. Percent with Post School Education (Population 15+)

  30. Australia: Level of Post School Qualification of Total Australia- and ASEAN-Born Population, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  31. Labour Force: ASEAN Countries and Australia-born, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  32. Occupation – Percent Managers and Professionals

  33. Australia: Median Weekly Income of Australia- and ASEAN-born, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  34. Australia: Age-Sex Distribution of ASEAN Countries Birthplace, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

  35. ASEAN: Stock of Temporary Residents in Australia (Minus Students)Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues; Khooet al., 2009

  36. Australia: Long Term Arrivals from ASEAN, 1991-92 to 2011-12Source: DIAC unpublished data

  37. Australia: Overseas Students from ASEAN, 1987-2012Source: DEST Overseas Student Statistics, various issues and Australian Education International

  38. Development Impacts • Diaspora Relationships • Return Migration • Remittances

  39. A Model of the Australia/ASEAN Migration System

  40. Australia: Departures to Malaysia, Former Settlers, 1962-63 to 1986-87 and Total Departures to Malaysia by Birthplace, 1987-88 to 2011-12Source: DIMIA Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics, various issues; DIAC Emigration and Immigration Update; DIAC unpublished data

  41. Australia: ASEAN Country of Origin, Permanent Arrivals and Permanent Departures (Overseas and Australia-born), 1994-95 to 2005-06Source: DIAC Unpublished data

  42. Migration to Third Countries • Only one third of Malaysia-born leaving Australia return to Malaysia • Main destinations Singapore (19%), Hong Kong (10.4%), UK, New Zealand, USA and China

  43. Australia: Age-Sex Composition of Permanent Departures To ASEAN, 1993-94 to 2011-12Source: DIAC unpublished data

  44. Australia: Number of Malaysia-Born Individual Persons Travelling Into and Out of Australia Temporarily According to Their Resident Status, 1998‑2006Source: DIAC, unpublished data

  45. Australia: Number of Temporary Moves Into and Out of Australia Made by Malaysia-Born Persons According to Their Resident Status, 1998-2006Source: DIAC, unpublished data

  46. Australia: ASEAN-born Short Term Arrivals and Departures, 1993-94 to 2011-12Source: DIAC, unpublished data

  47. Australia: ASEAN Countries, Reasons for Short Term Arrivals and Resident Departures, 2011-12Source: DIAC unpublished data

  48. Key Questions • Can the outflow be reduced? • Can the rate of return of diaspora be lifted? • Can the diaspora be more effectively engaged?

  49. Return Migration Policy • Permanent, temporary and virtual • Targeting key individuals • Focus on young families • Attached to foreign spouses

  50. Diaspora Strategies Other than Return • Following the Chinese and Indian models of encouraging the diaspora to invest in development related activity either as individuals or in the roles they have in foreign based companies. A range of incentives can be used. • Development of ‘knowledge networks’ with counterparts in business and research positions in foreign nations to encourage knowledge transfer and regular interaction with counterparts living in home country. • Develop a program for encouraging key skilled Asian diaspora overseas to hold joint positions which involve visits and working with counterparts in ASEAN. This would involve the introduction of dual citizenship. • Using ASEAN connections overseas as bridgeheads for ASEAN exports and trade. • Diaspora tourism • Diaspora philanthropy • Leveraging of remittances

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