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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. The Rise of the Mongols 1200–1260. Nomadic clans Lead by Khan Conquered less powerful clans-demanded tribute Women were important Religious pluralism Relied on settled people for certain goods Genghis Khan. The Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283.

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12

  2. The Rise of the Mongols 1200–1260 • Nomadic clans • Lead by Khan • Conquered less powerful clans-demanded tribute • Women were important • Religious pluralism • Relied on settled people for certain goods • Genghis Khan

  3. The Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283 • Began conquering outward from Mongolia • Golden Horde • Jagadai • Il-khan • Great Khan in Mongolia • Khubilai- • caused a civil war among the Khanatates • Starts the Yuan dynasty in China

  4. Causes and Effects of Conquest • Cause • Superior horsemanship, • Better bows • Cavalry charge • New military techniques and technology, • Non-Mongol soldiers into their armies; • Reputation • Took advantage of rivalries among their enemies • Effects • Increased Trade • Cosmopolitan period • transfer of knowledge • Plague

  5. Mongols and Islam, 1260–1500 • Constant fighting between the Il-Khans and Muslims • Khan of the Golden Horde was Muslim and fought the Il-Khan • Ended with the Conversion of the Il-Khan • Il Khan used tax farming • Over taxation • Il-Khan fell from internal problems- • attacked by Golden Horde • Timur the Lame took control of the Jagadai • Great advancements in Social sciences, astronomy, and math

  6. Europe • Russia • Novogrod and Moscow became major centers • Ivan III defeated the Golden Horde in 1480—Tsar • Orthodox Christianity • Western Europe • Scared by the foreign threat • Began question society and religion because of the plague • Eastern Europe • Turkish Ottoman took over Anatolia • Began taking land from the Byzantines

  7. The Yuan Empire, 1279–1368 • Khubilai Khan • Built Beijing • Adopted Chinese customs and traditions • Reunified China • Very cosmopolitan • Foreigners, merchants, doctors, and non-Confucian scholars became important • Trade flourished • Construction projects • Farmers were brutalized and population declined • Internal rebellions • 1368 - Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Empire

  8. The Early Ming Empire, 1368–1500 • Capital was Nanjing • Anti-foreign (Mongol) pro Confucian • Except Zheng He • Built upon much of the Yuan infrastructure • Closed their borders –Arrogance • Feared technology transfer • Practical knowledge decreases • Confucian knowledge grows • Civil Service examination • Vast cultural achievements –arts, and poetry

  9. Korea • Koryo surrendered to the Mongols • Intermarried with the Yuan • After the Yuan collapsed so did the Koryo • Yi • Anti foreign • Great advancements

  10. Japan • Kamukoru Shogunate • Stopped the Mongols • Unified their power • Expensive foreign defenses caused bankruptcy • Civil War • Ashikaga Shogunate • Weak shogun/ Strong Daimyo • Warring States period • Onin War of 1477 • Tokugawa Shogunate

  11. Chapter 13

  12. Tropical Lands and Peoples • Uneven distribution of rainfall • Needed dams, irrigation canals, and reservoirs to grow food • Relied on trade instead • New Islamic Empires • Mali • Delhi Sultanate

  13. Mali in the Western Sudan • Islam had spread throughout Africa by trade • 1240 Sundiata • Capital Timbuktu • Based on Tran Saharan Trade (gold and salt) • Mansa Kankan Musa (r. 1312–1337) • Hajj • Built new mosques and schools/libraries • Internal fighting caused problems

  14. The Delhi Sultanate in India • Sultan Iltutmish- • Muslim Turkish conqueror • Hated by local Hindu people • Raziya • Sometimes aggressive and sometimes accepting of Hindus • City was destroyed by Timur

  15. Indian Ocean Trade • Dhows carried goods around the Middle East • Junks carried goods around China and Southeast Asia • Decentralized • Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe • Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea • India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast • Southeast Asia: the Rise of Malacca

  16. Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe • Many city-states • Cosmopolitan language and culture develops • African, Persian, and Arab • Gold • Great Zimbabwe- Inland trade city • Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea • Few regions that had enough rain to grow food • Center for trade • Violence occurred between Christian Ethiopia as Islam spread

  17. India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast • Exported cotton, textiles, indigo, leather goods, carpets • Manufacturing center • Calicut • Cotton, textiles, and spices • Southeast Asia: the Rise of Malacca • Important passageway between China and Indian Ocean • Great deal of pirates • 1407 Chinese crushed the pirates • Muslim rulers of Malacca created a prosperous trade-state

  18. Social and Cultural Change • Spread of religion, culture, customs, and architecture • Islam spread literacy, science, medicine, math and law • Spread peacefully • Blended with local traditions • Traders became wealthy- social/economic stratification • Slavery increased • Women faced oppression but played important roles based on local traditions • Buddhism finally disappeared in India

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