North, Central, and South America

1. North, Central, and SouthAmerica

2. Native Empires • North American Empires • Southwest USA • Hohokam • 300-500 AD • Irrigation systems to survive in desert • Pueblo • Adobe homes made of sun dried bricks • Plains • Sioux, ect • Teepee’s to hunt buffalo • Eastern Woodland • Hopewell • Mount builders, 300-500 BC • Mississippians • Lived along the Mississippi RIver

4. Native Empires • Central and South America • Olmec • 1200-400 BC (oldest) • Mexico, farming society • Maya • Yucatan Peninsula to El Salvador • Gifted in math and science • Multiple Gods

5. Native Empires • Central and South America • Aztec • Warriors who settled @ Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) • Grew in power…1400 AD had more than 200,000 • Worshipped sun, life dominated by military • Inca • Andes Mountains of South America • By 1400 stretched from Peru to Chile • Very smart (roads, forts, irrigation) • Made a common language (Quechua)

7. European Colonization • Spanish • Theme: • explore the Caribbean, Central, and South America. • Initially looking for a route to Asia, they turned to finding gold/sliver. • Christopher Columbus • First explorer from Spain • Trying to find the East Indies (India) for trade • Ponce de Leon • Explored Florida

9. European Colonization • Spanish cont.. • Francisco Pizarro • Led expedition into South America (Peru to Chile) • Destroyed the Inca’s • Hernan Cortes • Captured Aztec leader Montezuma • Brought small pox to the Aztec..destroyed them • Results of Spanish • Native life was destroyed by small pox • Immediate wealth for Spain (Silver and Gold) • Slavery began to grow…eventually Africans were used

11. European Colonization • France • Theme: • During the 1500s, the French colonized northern North America (Canada). • Began early settlements that centered on fur trade • Jacques Cartier • Early Explorer • Samuel de Champlain • Founded Quebec • Robert Cavelier de La Salle • Sailed down the Mississippi River

13. European Colonization • France cont.. • Marquette and Joliet • Explored Upper Midwest • Julien Dubuque • First European in Iowa • Louis XIV • French Ruler for 62 years….strengthened France but led to more instability with other countries. • Eventually France’s continual wars made it difficult for them to control land in the Americas

14. European Colonization • Portugal • Theme: Was the first country to begin exploring a way to get to India by sea • Early explorers gained control on islands around India • Eventually lost strength, invaded by Spain. • Brazil became the only part of the America’s where they were able to continue to control. • Map on 396-397

16. United States Imperialism • Imperialism • When powerful countries try to dominate weaker countries; usually to try to get resources or power • US Interests • Why: Lot of interest of goods from Latin America • Spanish-American War • 1898; fighting over Cuba • US declared war after the Maine was sunk and Spanish refused to leave Cuba (American economic interest) • Quick victory for the United States

18. United States Imperialism • US Interests in Panama • Why: Create a canal that would prevent ships from making the 13,000 mile trip around South America • Panama won its freedom and the United States began to build with Panama Canal in 1914 • Great Engineering Feat: • Power Shovels and Other Machines • Discovered that mosquitoes caused yellow fever

22. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico • Independence • Revolts against Spain began in 1810 • In 1823, rebels overthrew General Inturbide, making Mexico a republic. • Modern Revolution • Porfirio Diaz: Dictator for 1880-1910, most people very poor • Revolt followed by several years of civil war and unrest • Pancho Villa: • Rebel leader who decided to attack America cities • US Military got involved in Mexico…until getting involved in WWI • Mexico remained unstable

24. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont… • PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • Had firm control over the government from WWII to 1970. • Economy • 1970’s: huge gains because of new found oil • 1980’s: borrowed too much $ and the world oil boom decreased • 1985: 10,000 people died in a Mexico City earthquake • 1990s: More problems until government spending cuts helped spur recovery. (President Clinton also gave Mexico a billion dollar aid package)

25. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont.. • Emigration • Because of awful economic conditions, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans have left Mexico for USA • This has caused problems for both countries • Political Change • In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency (had it since 1929) • Issues today • Drug related violence and trade has increased dramatically

27. Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada • Independence • Both British settlers in Ontario and French settlers in Quebec dislike foreign British control • Instead of fighting the people of Canada (like they did with US colonists), the British decided to give people rights. • By 1848 GB gave Canada the power to govern themselves • 1867: Four provinces (similar to American States)were created (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) • Gold and westward movement led to all the Provinces being created by 1905. (Map on 606)

28. Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada cont.. • Relationship w/ USA • Very strong after WWII • Both US and Canada worked on DEW line to protect from Soviet Airstrikes • Both USA and Canada became leaders in NATO and UN • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • This eliminated tariffs between countries (controversial) • Exports • Ag related, minerals, industries • Quebec • French dominated province of Canada • Continue to vote to separate from Canada.

29. Independence, Histories and Issues • Causes of Anger in Central/South America • Charles III of Spain wanted to gain more control of the lands in Central and South America • These changes benefited Spain while causing problems throughout Central and South America • Simon Bolivar: Leader of multiple revolutions against Spanish rule throughout Central and South America • Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin and Bernardo O Higgins had all spent time in Europe and North America..giving them ideas Independence and Enlightenment • Map (623)

30. Independence, Histories and Issues • Haiti • Controlled by France (Napoleon) • Slave and free mulattoes revolt during French Rev • In 1804, Haiti became the first independent country in Latin America • Bloodless Revolutions • Argentina: Won freedom in 1810 • Paraguay: Won freedom in 1811

31. Independence, Histories and Issues • Conflict • Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”) • Started a revolt in Venezuela area in 1810 (Gran Colombia) • By 1821, the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama were all free from Spain • San Martin and O’Higgins • Drove the Spanish out of Chile • Finally able to drive the Spanish out of Peru and Bolivia • Brazil • Declared independence from Portugal in 1822 (Dom Pedro I and II) • Uruguay

32. Early 20th Century Latin America • Industries • Oil and other mined materials were found in many countries in Central and South America • Social • Rapid Growth of Cities • Mexico City, Rio de Janerio, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires • Political • Many countries struggled with competing political parties • Great Depression led to awful economic times and many government overthrows • USA • Tried to stay out of the affairs of Latin America during the 1930s. • Created over compromise on land dispute between Argentina and Brazil

33. Late 20th Century Latin American Issues • Economics • 2 Ways to grow: Develop national industries or invite foreign companies to do business • Monoculture: Relying on 1 or 2 groups or minerals for exporting. This has hurt Latin American countries • Some larger countries were able to quit importing some goods and began producing themselves. • Debt: By the 1980s, most Latin American countries had went into debt. In the 1970s, countries borrowed to build industry…couldn’t pay it back • Began to print more money…which led to inflation • NAFTA and Mercosur: Trade agreements to help each other out.

34. 20th Century Latin America cont. • Population • Huge increase since WWII. Population has tripled by the mid 1990s. Expected to continue to grow until mid 2020s. • More than 1/3 of people live in poverty…and that number keeps growing. • Cities have grown the fasted, which has caused many problems. Pollution is also a problem with overcrowding • Women’s Rights • Women first got the right to vote in 1961 and have become more of a powerful force.

36. Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba • Cuba was close with the USA until 1950s • Fidel Castro • Won control of Cuba in 1959 from Fulgencio Batista • Castro’s government began to veer towards communism • Communism is where the government has complete control over everything • Not supported by all Cubans (especially upper class) • Bay Of Pigs • An organized attempt to train Cuban refugees to overthrown Castro’s government • Huge failure for the Kennedy Administration

37. Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba cont… • Relationship w/ USSR • Castro allowed the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on Cuba • This led to the Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro’s Influence • Tried to influence other Latin American countries to become communist • Recent History • Cuba was economically dependent on USSR due to US trade restrictions • After USSR collapse, Cuba has had a poor economy, which led to many people trying to leave the country • Relationship has gotten a little better with the US over the last few years

38. Independence, Histories and Issues • Puerto Rico • Relationship with USA • Became tight with USA in 1898 after Spanish American War • In 1917 became a US territory • By 1947, Puerto Rico had own government and people were citizens of the USA • Today it is considered a commonwealth of the USA • Big debate is whether it should be added as 51st state

39. Independence, Histories and Issues • Dominican Republic and Haiti • Shares the island with neighbor Haiti • Dominica Republic History • Lots of problems keeping a stable government throughout early history (1930-1960) • Recently: More democracy and an up and down economic situation since 1966. Reliant on sugar and tourism • Haiti History • Was the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere thanks to poor rule during the 1960s. • Jean-Bertrand Aristide became first elected president in 1990 • Horrible earthquake in 2010.

40. Independence, Histories and Issues • Smaller Countries • Jamaica became first smaller country to get independence, soon followed by Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (all from GB) • Grenada, Antigua/Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia all gained independence in the early 1980s • Grenada: Revolution in the early 1980s that the US had to help out in.

42. Central America Issues • General theme: • Economic growth after WWII only benefited a small segment of the population in most countries • Nicaragua • Revolution against the government was led by a group called the Sandinistas (friends with Cuba/communism) • Opposition to the Sandinistas grew in the USA during 1980s • Contras: US funded group that began a guerilla war to overthrow the Sandinistas. • By 1990, the Sandinistas lost power. Nicaragua has not really recovered from the conflict.

43. Central America Issues • El Salvador • Violence • The 1980s were marked by continual violence between different groups of people wanting power • By 1992, 80,000 had been killed • Has settled down recently • Panama • Canal • US Signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal in 1999 • Bad Relationship w/ USA • Manuel Noriega (Dictator) was accused helping South Americans bring drugs to the USA. • He was captured and arrested by Bush Sr

45. SA Independence, Histories and Issues • Brazil • Government: Very unstable from 1945-1960 • Economy • Foreign investors were encouraged to invest in Brazil, led to the Brazilian Miracle. • Great for awhile, however Brazil went into huge debt • By the mid 1990’s Brazil had made significant economic strides under Fernando Cardoso • Present Day • Brazil will play host to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olymics

46. Independence, Histories and Issues • Argentina • Post WWII • Ruled by Juan Peron and his very popular wife/actress (Evita) • So popular with the people they built a dictatorship • When Evita died of cancer, Juan Peron was forced out of power in 1955. • Juan Peron eventually came back and was re-elected in 1973 • He died and his wife Isabel became the first female president in the Americas. • Did not last long….military took control in 1976.

47. Independence, Histories and Issues • Modern Argentina • Dirty War • Military launched an all-out war on opponents in 1976 • Falkland Islands • By Argentina, controlled by Great Britain. • Argentina tried to invade but was denied by GB, huge embarrassment for government • Things have been much more stable and peaceful since • Wage and Price Controls have helped economy

48. Independence, Histories and Issues • Peru • Problems • Poor economy, bad governments, Drugs • Competing Guerilla Groups • MRTA attacked urban areas while the Sendero Luminoso fought for a communist country. • Alberto Fujimori • Became leader in 1990. Did some good and bad things. Helped the economy but was also accused of having death squads that took out opposition

49. Independence, Histories and Issues • Columbia • Problems • Awful civil war (La Violencia) from 1945-1957 • Eventually two sides began to get along and ruled together until 1970 • Drugs • 1970s: People in Columbia realized they could get rich making cocaine and marijuana and selling it to the USA/Europe • Medellin Cartel: Became the leaders of the drug trade in Columbia • Drug Lords sponsored violence on political organizations • Has not got much better….Cali Cartel controlled over 70% of worlds cocaine by 1995

50. Independence, Histories and Issues • Chile • Stable until 1970 • Salvador Allende: Socialist elected President • Eventually he was killed in a military coup • Augusto Pinochet: • Got rid of government control of economy • With foreign aid, things improved during the 1980s • Today Chile is a relatively stable country