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MODALS- PART 1

MODALS- PART 1. Exercise 1. Warm-up. Page 157. Correct the errors in verb forms. 1. She can saw it. 2. She can to see it. 3. She cans see it. 4. She can sees it. 5. Can pass you the rice, please? 6. Do you can see it? 7.They don’t can go there. 8. They aren’t able pay their rent.

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MODALS- PART 1

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  1. MODALS- PART 1

  2. Exercise 1. Warm-up. Page 157 Correct the errors in verb forms. 1. She can saw it. 2. She can to see it. 3. She cans see it. 4. She can sees it. 5. Can pass you the rice, please? 6. Do you can see it? 7.They don’t can go there. 8. They aren’t able pay their rent.

  3. Answers-Exercise 1, p. 157. 1.-4. She can see it. 5. Can you pass the rice, please? 6. Can you see it? 7. They can’t go there. 8. They aren’t able to pay their rent.

  4. Basic Modal Introduction Modal auxiliaries generally express speakers’ attitudes. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable; and, in addition, they can convey the strength of those attitudes. Each modal has more than one meaning or use.

  5. Modal auxiliaries in English

  6. Modal Auxiliaries

  7. Modals do not take a final -s, even when the subject is she, he, or it. correct : She can do it. incorrect :She cans do it. Modals are followed immediately by the simple form of a verb. correct : She can do it. incorrect : She can to do it. / She can does it. / She can did it. The only exception is ought, which is followed by an infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb). correct : He ought to go to the meeting.

  8. Phrasal Modals

  9. Exercise 2. Warm-up. p.158 Complete the requests with I or you . Which sentences have essentially the same meaning?1. Could _____see that book? Thanks.2. Could _____hand me that book? Thanks.3. May _____see that book? Thanks.4. Can _____hand me that book? Thanks.5. Can _____see that book? Thanks.6. Would _____ hand me that book? Thanks.7. Will ____please hand me that book? Thanks.

  10. Answers/Exercise 2. Warm-up. p.158 1. Could I see that book? Thanks.2. Could you hand me that book? Thanks.3. May I see that book? Thanks.4. Can you hand me that book? Thanks.5. Can I see that book? Thanks.6. Would you hand me that book? Thanks.7. Will you please hand me that book? Thanks.

  11. Polite Requests with “I” as the Subject May I borrow your pen (please)? Could I (please) borrow your pen? May Iand could I are used to request permission. They are equally polite, but may I sounds more formal. Might is also possible: Might I borrow your pen? Might I is quite formal and polite; it is used much less frequently than may I or could I. NOTE : In a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning.

  12. TYPICAL RESPONSES Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. informal : Sure. Often the response to a polite request is an action, such as a nod or shake of the head, or a simple “uh-huh,” meaning “yes.”

  13. Polite Requests with “You” as the Subject Would you pass the salt (please)? Will you (please) pass the salt? The meaning of would you and will you in a polite request is the same.Would you is more common and is often considered more polite. The degree of politeness, however, is often determined by the speaker's tone of voice.

  14. Could you pass the salt (please)? Basically, could you and would you have the same meaning. The difference is slight. Would you = Do you want to do this please? Could you = Do you want to do this please, and is it possible for you to do this? Couldyou and would you are equally polite.

  15. Can you (please) pass the salt? Can you is often used informally. It usually sounds a little less polite than could you or would you. Typical responses Yes, I'd (1 would) be happy to / be glad to. Certainly. informal : Sure. A person usually responds in the affirmative to a polite request. If a negative response is necessary, a person might begin by saying, “I’d like to, but . . . ” (e.g., “I’d like to pass the salt, but 1 can’t reach it.”). incorrect : May you pass the salt? May is used only with 1 or we in polite requests.

  16. Exercise 4. Warm-up/p.160 In each dialogue, choose the speaker (A or B) who is going to turn down the heat. 1. A: Would you mind turning down the heat? B: No, not at all. 2. A: Would you mind if I turned down the heat? B: No, not at all. (Answers 1. B / 2. A)

  17. Polite Requests with Would You Mind Asking Permission Would you mind if 1 closed the window? Would you mind if 1 used the phone? Typical Responses No, not at all. No, of course not. No, that would be fine. Notice: Would you mind if 1 is followed by the simple past.

  18. Sometimes, in informal spoken English, the simple present is used: Would you mind if I close the window? Note : The simple past does not refer to past time after would you mind ; it refers to present or future time.

  19. The meaning in : May 1 close the window?Is it all right if 1 close the window?Will it cause you any trouble or discomfort if 1 close the window? Notice that the typical response is “no.” “Yes” means Yes, 1 mind. In other words: It is a problem for me. Another typical response might be “unh-uh,” meaning “no.”

  20. Asking Someone to Do Something Would you mind closing the window? Excuse me. Would you mind repeating that? Typical Responses No. I’d be happy to. / Not at all. I’d be glad to. informal : No problem. / Sure. / Okay. Notice in: Would you mind is followed by the -ing form of a verb (a gerund). The meaning : 1 don’t want to cause you any trouble, but would you please close the window? Would that cause you any inconvenience?

  21. The informal responses “Sure” and “Okay” are common but not logical. The speaker means No, 1 wouldn't mind but seems to be saying the opposite: Yes, 1 would mind. Native speakers understand that the response “Sure” or “Okay” in this situation means that the speaker agrees to the request.

  22. Exercise 5, p.160 Make sentences using Would you mind . 2. a. I want you to speak with John, b. I want to speak with John. 3. a. I want to turn on the air conditioner. b. I want you to turn on the air conditioner.

  23. Answers- Exercise 5, p. 160. 2. a. Would you mind speaking with John? b. Would you mind if I spoke with John? 3. a. Would you mind if I turned on the air conditioner? b. Would you mind turning on the air conditioner?

  24. Exercise 6, p.161 Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Use if I + the past tense or the -in g form o f the verb. In some of the sentences, either response is possible, but the meaning is different. 2. A: Are you coming with us? B: I know I promised to go with you, but I’m not feeling very good. Would you mind (stay) ________ home? A: Of course not. 3. A: It’s getting hot in here. Would you mind (open) ________ the window? B: No. 4. A: This is probably none of my business, but would you mind (ask) _____ you a personal question? B: It depends.

  25. Cont…Exercise 6, p.161 5. A: Would you mind (smoke) ________? B: I ’d really rather you didn’t. 6. A: Excuse me. Would you mind (speak) _____ a little more slowly? I didn’t catch B: Oh, of course. I’m sorry. 7. A: I don’t like this TV program. Would you mind (change) _______ the channel? B: Unh-uh.

  26. Answers Exercise 6, p. 161. 2. if I stayed 3. if I opened / opening 4. if I asked 5. if I smoked 6. speaking 7. if I changed / changing

  27. Exercise 9, p.162 Complete the polite requests with your own words. Try to imagine what the speaker might say in the given situation. 2. Waiter : Good evening. Are you ready to order? Customer : No, we’re not. Could _________________? Waiter : Certainly. I’ll be back shortly. 3. Sally : Are you driving to the meeting tonight? Sam : Uh-huh, I am. Sally : Could _______________________________? Sam: Sure. I’ll pick you up at 7:00. 4. Mr. Penn : Something’s come up, and I can’t meet with you Tuesday. Would you mind_______________________? Ms. Gray: Let me check my calendar.

  28. Cont…Exercise 9, p.162 5. Mechanic : What seems to be the trouble with your car? Customer : Something ’s wrong with the brakes, I think. Could ____________________________? Mechanic : Sure. Just pull the car into the garage. 6. Shelley : Are you enjoying the movie? Mike : Yeah, you? Shelley : Yes, but I can’t see over the man in front of me. Would you mind ___________ ? Mike : Not at all. I see two empty seats a cross the aisle.

  29. Anwers Exercise 9, p. 162. Sample answers: 2. you give us a little more time 3. I get a ride 4. rescheduling / if I reschedule / if we reschedule 5. you take a look 6. if we moved

  30. Exercise 12. Warm-up, p163 Read the statements. Choose the more typical context (a. or b.) for the words in blue. Discuss their meanings. 1. Gosh! Look at the time. I’ve got to go. I have class in five minutes! a. everyday conversation b. formal writing 2. All applicants must be 18 years of age and must have a valid driver’s license. a. everyday conversation b. formal writing 3. We have to prepare a research paper on global warming in Dr. Chen’s seminar this term. I think it’ll be interesting. a. everyday conversation b. formal writing (Answers 1. a 2. b 3. a )

  31. Expressing Necessity: Must, Have To, Have Got To Must, Have To All applicants must take an entrance exam. All applicants have to take an entrance exam. Must and have to both express necessity. The meaning is the same : It is necessary for every applicant to take an entrance exam. There is no other choice. The exam is required.

  32. - I’m looking for Sue. 1 have totalk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. 1 can't meet her for lunch because 1 have to go to a business meeting at 1:00. (Means: 1 need to do this, and 1 need to do that). -Where’s Sue? I must talkto her right away. I have an urgent message for her. (The meaning is stronger :This is very important!).

  33. In everyday statements of necessity, have tois used more commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance. Must is a strong word, (meaning necessity) is relatively rare in conversation. It is usually found in legal or academic writing.

  34. I have to (“hafta”) be home by eight. He has to (“hasta”) go to a meeting tonight. NOTE : Native speakers often say “hafta” and “hasta“.

  35. Have Got To I have got to go now. I have a class in ten minutes. I have to gonow. I have a class in ten minutes. Have got to also expresses the idea of necessity: The two sentences have the same meaning. Have got to is informal and is used primarily in spoken English. Have tois used in bothformal and informal English.

  36. I have got to go (“I’ve gotta go / 1 gotta go”) now. The usual pronunciation of got to is "gotta.” Sometimes have is dropped in speech: “1 gotta do it.”

  37. Past Necessity PRESENT OR FUTURE I have to / have got to / must study tonight. PAST I had to study last night. Had to expresses past necessity. had to = needed to: 1 needed to study last night. There is no other past form for must (when it means necessity) or have got to.

  38. Exercise 14. Warm-up, p. 165 Choose the sentences that Speaker B might say in response to Speaker A. Speaker A: The meeting starts in an hour. Was We have plenty of time. Speaker B: 1. We must not hurry. 2. We don’t have to hurry. 3. We don’t need to hurry. (answers 2&3)

  39. Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: Have To and Must in the Negative Lack of Necessity Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to go to class. (Means : We don’t need to go to class tomorrow because it is a holiday.) 1 can hear you. You don’t have to shout. When used in the negative, must and have to have different meanings. Negative form:do not have to = lack of necessity.

  40. Lack of necessity may also be expressed byneed not + the simple form of a verb: You needn’t shout. The use of needn't as an auxiliary is chiefly British except in certain common expressions such as: You needn’t worry.

  41. Prohibition You must not tell anyone my secret. Do you promise? must not = prohibition(DO NOT DO THIS!) Means: Do not tell anyone my secret. 1 forbid it . Tell Telling anyone my secret is prohibited. Negative contraction: mustn’t. (The first “t” is silent.)

  42. Don’t tellanyone my secret. You can’t tellanyone my secret. You’d better not tellanyone my secret. Because mustnot is so strong, speakers also express prohibition with imperatives, or with other modals.

  43. Exercise 15, p. 165 Complete the sentences with must not or do /does not have to. 2. In order to be a good salesclerk, you___ be rude to customers. 3. You ___ introduce me to Dr. Gray. We’ve already met. 4. A person ___ become rich and famous in order to live a successful life. 5. If you encounter a growling dog, you ___ show any signs of fear. If a dog senses fear, it is more likely to attack a person.

  44. Cont…Exercise 15, p.165 6. I ___ go to the doctor. I’m feeling much better. 7. We ___ go to the concert if you don’t want to, but it might be good. 8. A person ___ get married in order to lead a happy and fulfilling life.

  45. Answers…exercise 15, p. 165. 2. In order to be a good salesclerk, you must not be rude to customers. 3. You don’t have to introduce me to Dr. Gray. We’ve already met. 4. A person doesn’t have to become rich and famous in order to live a successful life. 5. If you encounter a growling dog, you must not show any signs of fear. If a dog senses fear, it is more likely to attack a person. 6. I don’t have to go to the doctor. I’m feeling much better. 7. We don’t have to go to the concert if you don’t want to, but it might be good. 8. A person doesn’t have to get married in order to lead a happy and fulfilling life.

  46. Exercise 18, p. 166 Read the situation. What advice would you give Amir? Situation : Amir has a bad toothache. 1. He should see a dentist immediately. 2. He should wait and see if the pain goes away. 3. He should call an ambulance. 4. He should put an ice-pack on his cheek. 5. He should take some pain medicine. 6. He should get his cousin to pull the tooth right away.

  47. Answers Exercise 18, p. 166. Advice possibilities: 1, 2, 4, [Note: Item 6 is not advisable unless his cousin is a dentist.]

  48. Advisability: Should, Ought To, Had Better You shouldstudy harder. You oughttostudy harder. (Means: This is a good idea. This is my advice.) Drivers shouldobey the speed limit. Drivers oughttoobey the speed limit. (Means: This is an important responsibility.) Should and oughtto both express advisability. Their meaning ranges in strength from a suggestion (This is a good idea) to a statement about responsibility or duty (This is a very important thing to do).

  49. You shouldn’t leave your keys in the car. Negative contraction: shouldn’t NOTE : the / t / is often hard to hear in relaxed, spoken English. 1 ought to (“otta") study tonight, but 1 think I’ll watch TV instead. Native speakers often pronounce ought to as “otta” in informal speech. Ought to is not commonly used in the negative. If it is, the to is sometimes dropped: You oughtn't (to) leave your keys in the car.

  50. The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stop at the next gas station. (Means: If we don’t stop at a service station, there will be a bad result. We will run out of gas.) You had better take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected. In meaning, had better is close to should and ought to, but had better is usually stronger. Often had better implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences.

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