Hydropower

1. Hydropower Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO

2. Course Outline • Renewable • Hydro Power • Wind Energy • Oceanic Energy • Solar Power • Geothermal • Biomass • Sustainable • Hydrogen & Fuel Cells • Nuclear • Fossil Fuel Innovation • Exotic Technologies • Integration • Distributed Generation

3. Hydrologic Cycle http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

4. Hydropower to Electric Power ElectricalEnergy PotentialEnergy Electricity KineticEnergy Mechanical Energy

5. Sources of Electric Power – US

6. Renewable Energy Sources Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

7. World Trends in Hydropower Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

8. World hydro production IEA.org

9. Major Hydropower Producers

10. World’s Largest Dams Ranked by maximum power. “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org

11. Three Gorges Dam (China)

12. Three Gorges Dam Location Map

13. Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay) “Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org

14. Itaipú Dam Site Map http://www.kented.org.uk/ngfl/subjects/geography/rivers/River%20Articles/itaipudam.htm

15. Guri Dam (Venezuela) http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

16. Guri Dam Site Map http://lmhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htm

17. Grand Coulee Dam (US) www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html

18. Grand Coulee Dam Site Map

19. Grand Coulee Dam Statistics

20. Uses of Dams – US Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

21. Hydropower Production by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

22. Percent Hydropower by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

23. History of Hydro Power

24. Early Irrigation Waterwheel Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

25. Early Roman Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

26. Early Norse Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

27. Fourneyron’s Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

28. Hydropower Design

29. Terminology (Jargon) • Head • Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. • The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head • Dams: three categories • high-head (800 or more feet) • medium-head (100 to 800 feet) • low-head (less than 100 feet) • Power is proportional to the product of head x flow http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

30. Scale of Hydropower Projects • Large-hydro • More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid • Medium-hydro • 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid • Small-hydro • 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid • Mini-hydro • Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW • Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid • Micro-hydro • From 5kW up to 100 kW • Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Pico-hydro • From a few hundred watts up to 5kW • Remote areas away from the grid. www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

31. Types of Hydroelectric Installation Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

32. Meeting Peak Demands • Hydroelectric plants: • Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly • Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. • Save millions of barrels of oil

33. Types of Systems • Impoundment • Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee • Diversion or run-of-river systems • Niagara Falls • Most significantly smaller • Pumped Storage • Two way flow • Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower elevation for power generation • A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production

34. Conventional Impoundment Dam http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

35. ExampleHoover Dam (US) http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

36. Diversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower

37. ExampleDiversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska) http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

38. Micro Run-of-River Hydropower http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

39. Micro Hydro Example Used in remote locations in northern Canada http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr

40. Pumped Storage Schematic

41. Pumped Storage System Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

42. Pumped Storage Power Spectrum

43. Turbine Design Francis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs

44. Types of Hydropower Turbines Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

45. Classification of Hydro Turbines • Reaction Turbines • Derive power from pressure drop across turbine • Totally immersed in water • Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power • Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines • Impulse Turbines • Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets • No pressure drop across turbines • Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

46. Schematic of Francis Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

47. Small Francis Turbine & Generator "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

48. Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee Dam "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

49. Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

50. Kaplan Turbine Schematic "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com