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Explore urban structure models and challenges in inner cities and suburbs globally. Understand income distribution and social issues in urban areas.
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Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas? Key Issue #2
Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? • Models of urban structure • Are used to explain where people live in cities • Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago • Concentric zone model • Sector model • Multiple nuclei model
Concentric Zone Model Concentric zone model Created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess; a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
Sector Model Sector model Created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt; a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
Multiple Nuclei Model Multiple nuclei model Created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman; a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.
Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas? • Applying the models outside North America • European cities-wealthier people cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD and in the inner rings for the city’s amenities • Less developed countries • Colonial cities-followed standardized plans • Cities since independence-focal points of change in LDCs, millions moving for work • Squatter settlements-due to rapid # of poor moving to cities; temporary housing with few services • Also known as barrios, barriadas, favelas
Income Distribution in the Paris Region Figure 13-10
Model of a Latin American City Figure 13-14
Why Do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems? Key Issue #3
Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? • Inner-city physical issues • Most significant = deteriorating housing • Filtering-subdivision of housing for low income rentals • Redlining-banks literally draw lines on a map to identify areas in which they refuse to loan money • Urban renewal-cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire properties, relocate the resident or business, clear the site, build roads, utilities, etc., and sell the land to private or public developers/agencies • Public housing-for low income households, accounts for a high percentage of housing in inner cities, but not in the US as a whole • Renovated housing • Gentrification-middle-class people move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate the housing
Racial Change in Chicago Figure 13-16
Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? • Inner-city social issues • The underclass • An unending cycle of social and economic issues • Homelessness • Culture of poverty • Crime • Ethnic and racial segregation • De jure segregation-based on law (ex. Apartheid, Jim Crow laws) • De facto segregation-based on custom (ex. Little Italy, Chinatown)
Why Do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems? Key Issue #4
Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? • Peripheral model-developed by Chauncey Harris (creator of the multiple nuclei model) • An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road • Edge cities -nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway • Density gradient-the number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the city center increases • Cost of suburban sprawl-progressive spread of development over the landscape
Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.
