Chapter 13- Urban Areas

1. Chapter 13- Urban Areas Key Issue 1- Why do services cluster down town? Key Issue 2: Where are people distributed within urban areas? Key Issue 3- Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Key Issue 4- Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

2. Cities and Urban Geography In 1950 1/3 of the world lived in a city. Today 1/2 of us live in cities and the number is increasing.

3. Historic City Functions Commercial Centers - Fresno, Venice, New York Industrial Cities - Manchester, Detroit, Los Angeles Primary Resources - Scotia, Minas Gerais, Nevada City Resort Cities - Santa Barbara, Las Vegas, Marseille Government / Religious Centers - Monterey, D.C., Brasilia Education Centers - Palo Alto, Berkeley

5. U.S. Urban Growth Stages

6. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) Jericho 10,000 B.C. Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) Walled cities based on agricultural trade Ziggurat (stepped temple) Ancient Ur in Iraq

7. Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed 100,000 Many cities organized into City-States Ancient Athens

8. Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities Begin in 11th Century Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. Improved roads encouraged trade Dense and compact within defensive walls Paris, France Cittadella, Italy

9. Medieval World Cities Cittadella, Italy Cittadella, Italy

10. Major Cities of the World

11. Modern World Cities A high percentage of world’s business is transacted and political power is concentrated in these cities. Headquarters of large businesses Media control centers Access to political power London, New York, Tokyo Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, and Singapore

12. Urban PlanningBuilding Better Cities How to Make a Great City Famous Planned Cities Canberra, Australia Brasilia, Brazil Washington, D.C. Irvine, CA Seaside, FL Poundbury, England Smart Growth Pedestrian Friendly Increase Density Mix Ethnic and Income Groups

13. Rank-Size Rule Rank-Size Rule: n th-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

14. Primate City Rule Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city. These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country.

15. Key Issue 1- Why do services cluster down town? • Urbanization- the process by which the population of cities grows • increase in the number of people living in cities • increase in the percentage of people living in the cities • A large percentage of people living in urban areas is a measure of a country’s development. • In MDC’s approx ¾ of pop live in urban areas, compared to 2/5 for LDC’s. • The increase in service sector jobs pull people to the cities, while the need for fewer farm workers has pushed them out of the rural areas. • Although MDC’s generally have a higher percentage of people living in the cities, LDC’s have most of the world’s largest cities. • About half the growth results from people emigrating from the countryside to the city, even without the prospect of available jobs

16. Defining where urban areas end and rural areas begin is becoming increasingly difficult, especially in areas dominated by urban sprawl, like the U.S. • Louis Wirth argued that an urban resident follows a different way of life from a rural dweller. Wirth socially defined the city as having these three characteristics: -Large size -High density -Social heterogeneity • Physically designating a “city” is even more difficult. Various methods are used, sometimes interchangeably, sometimes overlapping.

17. Largest World Metropolitan Areas Ten Most Populous Today

18. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous in A.D. 1975 1. Tokyo 19.8 million 2. New York 15.9 million 3. Shanghai 11.4 million 4. México 11.2 million 5. São Paulo 9.9 million 6. Osaka 9.8 million 7. Buenos Aires 9.1 million 8. Los Angeles 8.9 million 9. Paris 8.9 million 10. Beijing 8.5 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that five of these cities are in the Core or more developed world.

19. Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous by A.D. 2015 1. Tokyo 28.7 million 2. Bombay 27.4 million 3. Lagos 24.4 million 4. Shanghai 23.4 million 5. Jakarta 21.2 million 6. São Paulo 20.8 million 7. Karachi 20.6 million 8. Beijing 19.4 million 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh 19.0 million 10. México 18.8 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that only one of these cities is in the Core of the more developed world!

20. City- The area of urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit -Urbanized area- In the U.S, the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs. -Metropolitan Statistical Area- the U.S. Census official method of measuring the functional area of a city. 4 characteristics -urbanized area with a pop of at least 50,000. -The county within which the city is located. -Adjacent counties w/a high pop density and large % of residents working in the central city’s county. -Micropolitan statistical areas- same as MSA only designed for smaller urban areas.

21. Sometimes the MSA of cities will overlap resulting in a mega city commonly referred to as a megalopolis, such as the Boswash corridor. (The “continuous” city of Boston, Washington D.C., and New York City)

22. Megalopolis Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions and broader urban agglomerations. To define urbanized areas, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated MSA (CMSA) if two of them overlap.

23. CBD land uses • Central business districts (CBDs) • Retail services in the CBD • Retailers with a high threshold • Retailers with a high range • Retailers serving downtown workers • Business services in the CBD

24. CBD of Charlotte, NC Figure 13-1

25. Competition for land in the CBD • High land costs • Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo • Intensive land use • Underground areas • Skyscrapers • “Vertical geography”

26. Skyscrapers Why build up? Why copy Western model?

27. Activities excluded from the CBD • Lack of industry in the CBD • Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land • Lack of residents in the CBD • Push and pull factors involved • CBDs outside North America • Less dominated by commercial considerations.

28. Key Issue 2: Where are people distributed within urban areas? • Models of urban structure • Are used to explain where people live in cities • Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago • Concentric zone model • Sector model • Multiple nuclei model

29. Concentric zone model- created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess, it shows the city as growing outward in concentric rings. Though the ring size may vary betwixt cities, the same order is always evident: CBD; • zone of transition (industry and slums); • working class zone; • middle-class family zone; • commuter zone. This model displays that wealth is what designs the city, as one moves out from the CBD, the residences in each zone are progressively nicer, and the people are progressively richer.

30. Concentric Zone Model Figure 13-4

32. Sector model- created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt, it is essentially a modification of the concentric zone model. Rather than rings however, this model uses sectors that lead out from the CBD generally in a radial pattern, with transportation and industry sector running alongside the CBD. As in the concentric zone model, wealth increases as one moves out from the CBD. • This model is especially helpful in showing the clustering of ethnicities along certain sectors.

33. Sector Model Figure 13-5

35. Multiple nuclei model- created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman, it says that the pattern of urban development is that there is no pattern and a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

36. Multiple Nuclei Model Figure 13-6

38. No model is truly better than another Normally one can argue any of the three to fit any city. • The three models are used primarily to help in the understanding of where people with different social characteristics tend to live within an urban area.

39. Geographic application of the models • Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities • Census tracts • Social area analysis • Criticism of the models • Models may be too simple • Models may be outdated

40. Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization • Developed Countries: suburbanization • wealthy move to suburbs • automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’ • better services • wealthy move to suburbs • Counterurbanization (exurbanization) • idyllic settings • cost of land for retirement • slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

41. Census tract- urban areas that contain approx 5,000 residents and try to correspond to neighborhood boundaries. • European and less developed cities typically follow the same models, only the direction of increasing wealth is reversed. • The rich cluster downtown and the poor are banished to the outskirts. • Many LDC cities show this trend because they were founded by European colonists who simply imposed their urban planning upon whatever city they chose.

42. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. • Urbanization • migration from rural areas • lack of jobs in countryside • lack of services in cities • Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico

43. Changes in Cities in LDCs Populations of cities in the less developed world have been surging: urbanization, migration, natural increase • Urbanization in LDCs: • driven by changes in global economy that make farming more challenging • the poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD • cities struggle to provide jobs and housing • services overtaxed • squatter settlements common • crime on the rise Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

44. Europe versus U.S. Cities: Sprawl European cities, including this hypothetical U.K. example, tend to restrict suburban development, thereby concentrating new development in and around existing concentrations. This leaves large rings of open space, so-called greenbelts. What are the social costs of sprawl?

45. Squatter settlements- the outskirts of many LDC cities where the poor are clustered. These settlements often lack running water, schools, electricity, mass transit, or any other service that one would expect in a city.

46. Income Distribution in the Paris Region Figure 13-10

47. Model of a Latin American City Figure 13-14

48. Toulouse, France

49. Ferrara, Italy

50. Sogne, Norway