Reducing Errors During Takeoff and Landing Operations for Vintage and Surplus aircraft

1. Reducing Errors During Takeoff and Landing Operations for Vintage and Surplus aircraft

2. Agenda Introduction Why are we here Review of Data

3. We are here to reduce the accident rate By reviewing the statistics By education and outreach By risk management application By suggesting best practices and mitigation strategies

4. Worldwide Warbird Statistics from AAI-1001999-2008

5. United States Warbird Accidents1999-2008

6. Warbird Accidents 1999-2008by Year

7. Warbird Accidents 1999-2008by type of operation

8. Warbird Accidents 1999-2008by type of Aircraft

9. Warbird Accidents 1999-2008by Severity of Injury

10. ….“The Education Part” Experience is what you learn shortly after you needed it.

11. Human Factors…because we are human! • Age and Physical Fitness • “The Yahoo! Factor” (Loss of inhibition) • EGO • Habit patterns • Awareness

12. Age and Physical fitness • Pilot Age - chronological … actual • Flying is a demanding physical sport!! • Physical Conditioning • Heat and dehydration (open cockpit/glass canopy) • Use of Oxygen (CO2, fires, higher altitudes etc.) • Fatigue • Time Zones (effects of cumulative fatigue)

13. The Yahoo! Factor • The psychological term is a loss of inhibition • Watch out for personality traits • Beware of peer pressure and the camera! • Pushing the envelope • New maneuvers without training practice • Mentors keep the balance!

14. EGO • We all have egos. • Egos come in varying sizes and shapes! • Ego versus peer pressure • Add Time / Schedule pressures. • Military trained pilots first learn how to keep their egos in check. • Discipline

15. Habit patterns • All aircraft takeoff and land on the main tanks…..except? • All tail wheel aircraft raise the tail wheel on takeoff……except? • I always….. • I never…..

16. Habit Pattern Mitigation • Review Systems for each aircraft you fly • Review cockpit switches frequently • Know what each system does! • Practice Emergency procedures • Know the mechanical status of your aircraft

17. Awareness • Fit for flight? Or preoccupied. • Overly focused? • Wide angle vision • relaxed

18. Taxi and Takeoff Operations • Warbird Briefs- Listen and Learn! • Ground Operations are a critical part of Flight Operations • Mitigation Strategies: • Performance calculations • Weight and balance • Situational Awareness • S - turns • Progressive taxi instructions • Taxi slowly!

19. Pattern Entry • Towered • Air Boss- when waiver is in effect • Uncontrolled ! • Slow to pattern speed (MAKE time for decisions) • Enter at proper altitude • 360 overhead approach • Maximize outside scanning • Have aircraft configured early

20. TRAFFIC PATTERN AIRSPEED MANAGEMENT V V+10 27 V= MANUFACTURERS RECOMMENDATION V+20 OR 1.3 VSO V+30 V+40

21. Landings • Power off or power on? • Manage the Flare • Crosswinds • Bounced recoveries. • Be prepared for Go-arounds It's OK to Go Around

22. THE STABILIZED APPROACH Your Decision Scan for situation cues Use knowledge wisely Assess risks Consider consequences Take action, do what is right THREE DEGREE GLIDE SLOPE (300’ per NM) RUNWAY THRESHOLD

23. A good landing is a good example for everyone! How heavy is the aircraft How long is the runway How fast is the aircraft How wet is the runway Head / Tailwind ‘On Speed’ Respect stabilized approach criteria Height over the threshold How much braking to use

24. Taxi • Don’t relax now! • Half the taxi accidents occur leaving the runway and taxiing back to the ramp! • Slowdown!! • S-Turns • Stop if necessary or unsure • Ask for progressive instructions • Follow ground marshaller instructions • Know proper hand signals

25. A Safety Culture includes: Personal dedication and accountability Individual attitudes and behaviors Shared vision with structures to attain it Organizational processes, methods and metrics CAF,EAA Warbirds, CJAA Commitment to improve (resist complacency) Beyond simple adherence to procedures Learning and continuous improvement

26. A Safety Culture includes: • Pervasive safety thinking • Commitment to excellence • Integration of safety into all activities • Climate in which news is quickly and easily communicated • Mentoring, organizational articles, web • Committed to investing the time and resources to address risk

27. Outreach to Pilots The FAA website is a link to all types of information http://www.faa.gov Every year, the FAASTeam conducts hundreds of safety seminars across the country to encourage safe practices on the airfield and in the air. http://www.FAASafety.gov

28. Outreach to Pilots A Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) is an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community. An Information for Operators (InFO) message contains valuable information for operators that should help them meet administrative requirements or certain regulatory requirements with relatively low urgency or impact on safety.

29. Outreach to Pilots FAA Aviation Safety Inspectors provide regulatory guidance (certification) http://fsims.faa.gov FAA Safety Team (FAAST)- provide education and outreach and are the ombudsman to industry.

30. Wrap-Up The best people can make the worst mistakes: INATTENTION, FORGETFULNESS, PREOCCUPATION, …these are the LEASTmanageable parts of the error sequence. Managing ERROR PRODUCING SITUATIONS is better” Dr. James Reason, Manchester University, UK

31. Questions