Collaboration, Competition and the Global Drivers of Research

1. Collaboration, Competition and the Global Drivers of Research Collaborative Research: Trends and Future Directions Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 30 March 2011 Dr Andrew Plume Associate Director – Scientometrics & Market Analysis. Elsevier Daniel Calto Director of Business Development, Elsevier

2. $1,159B (USD PPP—2010 est.) $409B (USD--1990) Sources: Global R&D Magazine, Battelle (2010 estimates) http://www.rdmag.com/tags/publications/global-r-and-d-funding-forecast/ ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics (1990 actuals) www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/BulletinNo1EN.pdf

3. $33.3B (USD PPP—2010 est.) $2.5B (USD PPP—1990)

4. $141.4B (USD PPP—2010 est.) $12.4B (USD PPP—1990)

5. $268.5B (USD PPP—2010) $101.9B (USD PPP—1990)

6. $401.9B (USD PPP—2010) $152.0B (USD PPP—1990)

7. Average Annual Growth of R&D Expenditure for US, EU-27, Asia-8 Source: National Science Foundation

8. R&D Expenditures for US, EU, and Asia 1996-2007 Source: National Science Foundation

9. High-technology manufacturing share of total manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005 Source: National Science Foundation

10. Global competition has increased dramatically Countries ranked by published output in 2007 10

11. “Today the dominant position of the United States in the international research and education community is being challenged as never before.” -American Academy of Arts and Sciences New global leaders are emerging Countries ranked by output growth 1997-2007 -6 11

13. Drivers of collaboration and competition Competition Collaboration • Funding • Personal allegiances • Ideological, social and political forces • Publish or perish • Low-cost communication and travel • Personal gain Funding Personal antipathies Ideological, social and political forces Publish or perish Drive for individual recognition Personal gain

14. Sharing in science

15. Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Major US Research Institutions Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

16. Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Goddard Space Flight Center Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

17. Why scientists don’t share Total Chemistry Computer Science Earth & Env Sciences Engineering Life Sciences Materials Science Maths Medicine & Allied Health Physics & Astronomy SocSci + Arts Hum + Economics Author Reader dichotomy more want access than are willing to share

18. Scientists seek recognition for their work There is one character trait . . . which is an intrinsic part of a scientist’s culture, and which the public image doesn’t often include: his extreme egocentricity, expressed chiefly in his overmastering desire for recognition by his peers. No other recognition matters. And that recognition comes in only one way. It doesn’t really matter who you are or whom you know. You may not even know those other scientists personally, but they know you—through your publications.

19. Why scientists don’t share Geneticists' Reasons for Withholding Post publication Information, Data, or Materials. Respondents who considered these motivating factors very important or important.

20. Big Science and hypercollaboration • 3,222 authors • 208 institutes • 37 countries 80%

21. International collaboration is rising globally

22. International collaboration is rising globally

23. International collaboration is rising globally

24. International collaboration increases citation impact

25. International collaboration is field-dependent Numbers denote number of articles (thousands) in each subject area in 2008

26. 2000: International collaboration is centered on a few hubs Germany Switzerland Belgium Netherlands Italy UK France Canada US Japan Data Source: Scopus

27. 2008: International collaboration is centred on a few (more) hubs Germany Switzerland France Italy Canada Belgium Netherlands UK US Japan Australia Data Source: Scopus

28. Collaboration may reflect geopolitical networks Data Source: Scopus

29. Collaboration may reflect shared history and language Data Source: Scopus

30. Competition for research grants is increasing

31. What types of information tools can be used to increase collaboration and better understand patterns of both collaboration and competition? Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

32. Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Project Detail Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

33. Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Collaborator Network Detail Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

34. Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Research Profile Detail Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

35. Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US and China national map

36. US National Map – Distinctive Competency # 548 -- Avian Wing Design in Aeronautic and Astronautic Engineering Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

37. Distinctive Competency #548 – “Treemap” of components of interdisciplinary competency Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

38. Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Institutions Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

39. Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Authors Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

40. Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Countries Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

41. Distinctive Competency #64 – Space Research and Geophysics – Top Institutions Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map