Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion 1890 - 1909

2. Chapter 27: Empire & Expansion1890 - 1909 We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly to despotism at home. - The Democratic National Platform, 1900 FOREIGN POLICY = the set of goals, principles and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other countries

3. ConductingAmerican Foreign Policy • Legally binding treaties require 2/3 Senate approval • “Tools of the Trade” include diplomacy, financial aid and the threat of armed force • Realism versus Idealism • Realism: based on our self-interest • If it benefits us, it is good policy • Idealism: promote America’s founding ideals to ensure a better world for ALL not just for us • Democracy, opportunity, liberty, equality, rights

4. From George Washington’s Farewell Address: It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible. • This is known as “isolationism” or “unilateralism” • The United States will “go it alone” • Neutrality protects us from taking sides • Great Britain vs. France in the early days

5. A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy • 1820’s • Russia threatened to expand in North America • Spain and Britain were colonizing in S./C. America • 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares a policy for Europeof non-colonization and non-interference in the Western Hemisphere • The American continents are closed to future colonization by any European powers

6. A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy • 1803: T. Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15,000,000 (3 cents an acre) • 1819: We negotiate for Florida from Spain • 1846: Treaty w/Britain divides the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel • 1867: $7,200,000 for Alaska from Russia

7. A History of American Expansion Through War • 1846: President Polk goes to war with Mexico over our southern border • Mexican War ends in 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) • Mexican Cession • Rio Grande as the southern border of the U.S. • Territory from Texas to California • Which is it? • A great new territory to secure borders • An unjust land grab with no regard for Mexican rights

9. The Beginning of Imperialism • Empire Building • Expanding to the West beyond our borders • Across the Pacific Ocean to China and Japan • Hawaii and other islands as “coaling stations” • Protectorates = nations controlled by stronger nations

10. Hawaii • Ruled by Queen Liliuokalani (monarchy) • 1893: U.S. military forces overthrew the queen when U.S. business interests were threatened and annexed Hawaii • Became a United States territory in 1900. • Became a state in 1959, the only one that is not part of N. America.

11. Differing Viewpoints: Should the U.S. become an imperialist power? Henry Cabot Lodge (1895) Carl Schurz (1896) In its dealings with other nations, the United States should have scrupulous regard, not only for their rights, but also for their self-respect…It should seek to influence mankind, not by heavy artillery, but by good example and wise counsel. It should see its highest glory, not in battles won, but in wars prevented. Small states are of the past and have no future. The modern movement is all toward the concentration of people and territory into great nations and large dominions. The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth.

12. Moral not just economic empire building • Josiah Strong: Civilize and Christianize • Rudyard Kipling wrote of “the white man’s burden” • A strong navy was a necessity (Alfred T. Mahan) • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • World powers need world class navies • Jingoism: belligerent nationalism

15. Trouble in Cuba • One of only two remaining Spanish colonies • Much American investment in sugar plantations amid political instability • Two previous rebellions for independence had failed • ValerianoWeyler was sent to put down the rebellions • Created prison camps (“reconcentration camps”) • Thousands die in these overcrowded, unsanitary, poorly equipped camps • Realistically, the U.S. must protect investments and property • Idealistically, the U.S. must help the Cubans realize their noble dream of independence and freedom • President William McKinley hoped to remain neutral.

16. Imperialism, The Role of the Media and a Call to War with Spain • Newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World versus William Hearst and the New York Journal • Yellow journalism = sensational exaggerated news stories

17. Causes of the Spanish-America War • The DeLome Letter • Enrique DupuyDeLome: Spanish ambassador • Describes President McKinley as “weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician.” • Outrage and indignation in the United States • “Remember The Maine!!” • February 15, 1898 the American battleship blows up • Probably not a mine, probably not sabotage…remember “yellow journalism”?

18. Causes of the Spanish-America War

19. Congress Declares War! • McKinley hoped to avoid war • Demands that Spain… • Close the camps • Grant Cuba independence • Spain agrees to close the camps, will not grant independence • April 25, 1898 • Congress formally declares war on Spain

20. A “Splendid Little War” with Spain • Teller Amendment • When Cuba is liberated and peace restored, the United States will “leave the government and control of the Island to its people.” • First, the Philippines (another Spanish colony) • Emilio Aguinaldo had been fighting against the Spanish there • Commodore Dewey storms Manila Bay • Aguinaldo with American reinforcements takes Manila

21. A “Splendid Little War” with Spain • Then Cuba • The First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry • The Rough-Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt • After taking San Juan Hill the war went quickly • Peace on August 12 (war was declared in April) • Armistice (cessation of hostilities) • 5500 died mostly from disease (malaria and yellow fever) • Poorly equipped, poorly supplied troops (wool uniforms in the tropical jungle!) win America’s first overseas war

23. America on the World Stage • Treaty of Paris 1898 • Independence to Cuba • Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to the U.S.A. • Philippines to the U.S. with a payment to Spain of $20,000,000 • Platt Amendment states that the U.S. is allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease naval bases there • By 1913, 60% of Cuba’s land was owned and controlled by U.S. business interests

25. The Foreign Policy of Teddy Roosevelt • American national interests come first • Roosevelt- “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” • Big Stick Policy- Roosevelt’s strong arm approach in working quietly and patiently to achieve goals overseas but using force if necessary. • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • The United States would act as international police power to preserve peace and order in the western hemisphere and protect American interests.

27. Panama • The US helped Panama overthrow Columbia in 1903 and recognized them as an independent nation. • Panama Canal (opened 1914) • The U.S. builds a 51 mile canalin ten years which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans • The Canal was the engineering feat of the time. In 1999 the US returned ownership of the canal back to Panama.

28. Puerto Rico • After the Sp-Am War the U.S. set up a military government, schools, and a postal service • Jones Act (1917): Wilson made Puerto Rico a U.S. territory but still no rights • Puerto Rico remains a U.S. commonwealth • Control over their laws and finances but decisions on defense and tariffsare America’s

29. Philippines • After the Spanish-American War, Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo called for independence from the U.S. • February 1899, fighting broke out between U.S. and Philippines • Hundreds of thousands of soldiers put down the revolt and defeated the Filipino army • The U.S. set up a central government , built schools and controlled the Philippines until 1946.

30. America on the World Stage • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • No: In the Insular Cases the Supreme Court rules that the Filipinos and the Puerto Ricans are subject to American rule but do NOT enjoy American rights

31. Uncle Sam and People from His Colonies, Postcard, ca. 1900

32. China’s “Open Door” • China was a huge nation rich inresources • Spheres of Influence • areas in which a single nation controlled trading rights • Open Door Policy • issued by the U.S. in 1899 stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China (issued by Secretary of State John Hay)

33. The Boxer Rebellion in China • This group led an insurrection (rising up to expel the foreign devils) • Thousands killed including Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians • Forces from the U.S., Japan and Europe crush the uprising