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Urbanization

Urbanization. Pronounced Class Distinctions. New class of Nouveau rich Well-to-do Middle Class Lower end Upper end WASP Working Class Dumbell Tenements. New vs. Old Immigration. 1850-1880 6 million immigrants Mostly Anglo-Saxon Western European German/Irish Democrats 1880-1920

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Urbanization

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  1. Urbanization

  2. Pronounced Class Distinctions • New class of Nouveau rich • Well-to-do • Middle Class • Lower end • Upper end • WASP • Working Class • Dumbell Tenements

  3. New vs. Old Immigration • 1850-1880 • 6 million immigrants • Mostly Anglo-Saxon • Western European • German/Irish • Democrats • 1880-1920 • 27 million immigrants came to the US • 11 million went back • Ellis Island • Orthodox Christian or Jewish • Struggled

  4. Chinese Immigration • Burlingame Treaty • Chinese in America • Denis Kearney • “Coolies” • Workingmen's Party of California • Chinese Exclusion Act

  5. Social Crusaders • Social Gospel • Christianity should improve life • Walter Rausenbusch • Washington Gladden • Salvation Army • Settlement House Movement • Jane Addams (st. Jane) • Hull House (Chicago) • Lillian Wald • Florence Kelly • American Red Cross • Clara Barton • American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals • YMCA

  6. Nativism and New Morality • Treated Eastern and Southern Europeans badly • Anti foreign organizations • American Protective Association • Reverend Josiah Strong • Our Country 1885 • New Morality • Victoria Woodhull • Comstock Law

  7. Prohibition of Alcohol • Liquor consumption increased following the Civil War • Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Francis Willard • Carrie A Nation • Anti-Saloon League

  8. Women’s Fight • Women growing more independent in the urban environment • National American Women’s suffrage Association • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony • Lucy Stone • WCTU • Gain’s women made.

  9. Churches and Darwin • Churches suffered from population shift • Dwight Lyman Moody • Catholic Church • Church of Christ, Scientist • Mary Baker Eddy • Darwin • Origin of the Species • “Survival of the fittest” • Fundamentalists • Modernists • Henry Ward Beecher

  10. Education • Public Education • “Normal School” • Kindergarten • Parochial schools • Chautauqua movement • Higher Education • Morrill Act • Hatch Act • William James • Principles of Psychology • “Pragmatism”

  11. The Press • Newspapers • Joseph Pulitzer • William Randolph Hearst • Yellow Journalism • Reform Press • Edwin Godkin: The Nation • Henry George: Progress and Poverty • Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward • Henry Demarest Lloyd: Wealth against Commonwealth • Thorstein Veblen: The Theory of the Leisure Class • Charlotte Perkins Gilman

  12. Post Civil War Literature • Horatio Alger • Walt Whitman • Emily Dickinson • Realist School • Mark Twain • Bret Harte • William Dean Howells • Stephen Crane • Henry James • Winslow Homer • James McNeill Whistler • Ashcan School

  13. FINAL DEFEAT OF THE INDIANS

  14. INTRODUCTION • INDIAN POLICY : EXPULSION AND EXTERMINATION • CLASH OF TWO CULTURES • WHITES VIEW INDIANS AS AN OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.

  15. BY 1830’S INDIANS REMOVED • 1831 THE BLACK HAWK WAR • 1832 CHEROKEE WIN DECISION IN WORCESTER V GEORGIA. • PRES. JACKSON ORDERS THEM REMOVED.

  16. THE TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 • 16000 INDIANS FORCED TO MARCH FROM GEORGIA TO OKLAHOMA • 1500 DIE ALONG THE TRAIL OF TEARS.

  17. THE FINAL CHAPTER • THE PLAINS INDIANS RESIST • GOVERNMENT SETS UP TWO MAIN RESERVATIONS • OKLAHOMA AND THE BLACK HILLS

  18. THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE 1864 • COLORADO AND THE CHEYENNE • “FRIENDLY INDIANS” AND “HOSTILES.” • BLACK KITTLE AT SAND CREEK

  19. COLONEL JOHN CHIVINGTON • NOV 29TH 1864 • SLAUGHTER “FRIENDLY INDIANS” • CHIVINGTON: “NITS MAKE LICE.”

  20. CUSTER AT THE WASHITA 1867 • CUSTER ATTACK VILLAGE AND SLAUGHTERS MORE CHEYENNE • CLAIMS A GREAT VICTORY. • BLACK KETTLE IS KILLED.

  21. CUSTER’S LAST STAND JUNE 1876 • PROSPECTOR INVADE BLACK HILLS SEEKING GOLD • CUSTER & 7TH CAVALRY ARE SENT TO PUNISH INDIANS • CUSTER IS FRUSTRATED.

  22. MORE… • SCOUT SPOT AN INDIAN CAMP, THEY BELIEVE IS SMALL. • CUSTER DOES NOT HAVE HIS FULL FORCE. • DIVIDES HIS MEN FOR THREE PRONGED ATTACK.

  23. MORE… • CUSTER WITH 264 MEN ATTACK THE SETTLEMENT. • SURPRISED TO FIND 3000 WARRIORS. • INDIANS LEAD BY SITTING BULL AND CRAZY HORSE.

  24. MORE… • CUSTER & 7TH WIPED OUT. • CUSTER’S OFFICERS COURT MARSHALED. • THIS WAS REALLY THE INDIANS LAST STAND.

  25. CHIEF JOSEPH 1877 • NEZ PERCES OF WASHINGTON & OREGON • JOSEPH TRIES TO LEAD HIS PEOPLE TO CANADA • 1300 MILE TREK • STOPPED 30 MILES FROM BORDER.

  26. JOSEPH’S SURRENDER • HEAR ME MY CHIEFS….

  27. JOSEPH ON PEACE • IF THE WHITE MAN WANTS PEACE…

  28. HELEN HUNT JACKSON A CENTURY OF DISHONOR THE DAWES ACT 1887 GOAL TO PROMOTE ASSIMILATION REFORM AND INDIAN POLICY

  29. THE WEST FRONTIER AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

  30. FRONTIER THE WESTERN AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

  31. THE FRONTIER IN 1865 • 100TH MERIDIAN • MINNESOTA TO TEXAS • 1500 MILES TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN • ONLY A SMALL SETTLEMENT AT SANTA FE.

  32. MORMONS IN UTAH • THE MAIN WHITE SETTLEMENT AT SALT LAKE. • BRIGHAM YOUNG LED THEM THERE IN THE 1840’S • CALLED IT DESERET.

  33. THE WEST WAS SETTLED IN 25 YEARS • CENSUS BUREAU IN 1890 • DECLARE THE FRONTIER CLOSED. • BY 1912 ALL OF THE WEST ORGANIZED INTO STATES.

  34. SOME NUMBERS… • BETWEEN 1607 & 1870, 407 MILLION ACRES SETTLED. • BETWEEN 1870 & 1900, 430 MILLION ACRES SETTLED. • 6 MILLION PEOPLE MOVE WEST BETWEEN 1865 & 1900

  35. THERE ARE TWO REGIONS OF THE WEST • 1)THE GREAT PLAINS FEW TREES & LESS THAN 20 INCHES OF RAIN PER YEAR. • 2) THE GREAT BASINROCKIES TO PACIFIC RANGE. • POOR SOIL & SCARE WATER.

  36. FRONTIER THE WESTERN AFTER THE CIVIL WAR

  37. DESPITE PROBLEM • THESE REGIONS ARE SETTLED BY 1900 • NEW INVENTIONS AND NEW AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES MAKE SETTLEMENT POSSIBLE.

  38. TRANSPORTATION IN THE WEST • WAGON TRAINS- CALLED COMPANIES DRAWN BY OXEN • ORGANIZED AS JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. • LEAD BY A MAJOR, BUT DEMOCRATIC IN NATURE.

  39. THE STAGECOACH • FOUNDED IN 1850 • 6 HORSES WITH STATIONS ALONG THE WAY. • THE BUTTERFIELD COMPANY THE MOST FAMOUS. • DIFFICULT & DANGEROUS.

  40. THE PONY EXPRESS 1860 • RAPID DELIVER OF MAIL • HIGH ADVENTURE. • THE TELEGRAPH MAKES THE PONY EXPRESS OBSOLETE.

  41. THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD • CONGRESS AUTHORIZES IT IN 1862 -- COMPLETED IN 1869 • UNION PACIFIC AND THE CENTRAL PACIFIC. • BY 1893 FIVE TRANSCONTINENTAL OPERATING.

  42. VARIOUS FRONTIERS • 1) HUNTER TRAPPERS BLAZED THE TRAILS. • 2) MINER’S FRONTIER 1849 • 3) CATTLE FRONTIER 1870’S • 4) PIONEER FRONTIER (HOMESTEAD ACT 1862)

  43. MORE… • 5) EQUIPPED FARMERS, USED THE RAILROAD TO SHIP STAPLE CROPS (WHEAT & CORN, ETC.)

  44. A CLOSER LOOK… • HUNTER TRAPPERS • THE MOUNTAIN MEN – JIM BRIDGER, JEREMIAH JOHNSON, KIT CARSON • SCOUTED & MAPPED THE WEST. LED THE WAY.

  45. THE MINING FRONTIER • CALIF. GOLD RUSH 1849 • BROUGHT 1OO’S OF THOUSANDS WEST. • ROUTES BY SHIP OR THE OVERLAND TRAIL.

  46. THE OVERLAND TRAIL • STARTS AT INDEPENDENCE, MO. • CROSSED THE PLAINS • UP THE ROCKIES • ACROSS THE GREAT PLATEAU • OVER THE SIERRA NEVADA MTS. • FINALLY TO CALIFORNIA.

  47. EARLY MINERS • PLACER GOLD FOUND WITH PICK & SHOVEL & PAN. • LATER CAME HARD ROCK MINING. • MINING BECAME “BIG BUSINESS.”

  48. NEW DISCOVERIES • NEVADA THE COMSTOCK LODE. LARGEST SILVER & GOLD STRIKE. • COLORADO 1859 “PIKES PEAK OR BUST!” • MARK TWAIN’S ROUGHING IT

  49. MORE… • 1857 BLACK HILL OF SO. DAKOTA “DEADWOOD GULCH” • WILD BILL HICKOCK & CALAMITY JANE. • VIGILANCE COMMITTEES

  50. MORE DISCOVERIES… • BUTTE, MONTANA SITE OF ANACONDA COPPER CORP. • GUGGENHEIM FAMILY GAINS MONOPOLY ON COPPER. • TRIVIA: A GUGGENHEIM DIED WITH THE TITANIC

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