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Cells

Cells. The Building Blocks of Life. A cell. Why Know This?. Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  body If something goes wrong at the cellular level then it can effect the entire body. Cyanide shuts down mitochondria = no energy = death. Composition.

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Cells

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  1. Cells The Building Blocks of Life

  2. A cell

  3. Why Know This? Cellstissuesorgansorgan systems body If something goes wrong at the cellular level then it can effect the entire body. Cyanide shuts down mitochondria = no energy = death

  4. Composition Biomolecules(proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) make up and are produced by cells. - example, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and carbohydrates make the cell membrane Organelles (little organ) compartments made of membrane each with specific functions allowing for division of labor. -example: mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration

  5. History of the Cell Robert Hooke (1665)-looked at dead cells and coined the term cells

  6. History of the Cell Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first to view live cells- “Wee Beasties”

  7. History of the CellCell Theory • Developed bySchledin, Schwann, and Virchow - 3 Parts • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. • All living things are composed of cells. • All cells come from preexisting cells.

  8. Microscopes and Cells • Light Microscopes – can magnify up to 1000x - Simple microscope - one lens - Compound microscope – 2 lenses working together • Electron microscope – use a beam of electrons to create images – can magnify up to 500,000x -Transmission – shows interior features -Scanning – shows exterior features

  9. Light Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

  10. A. B . C.

  11. The First Cell Prokaryotes were the first organisms Pro=before karyote=kernel Bacteria are prokaryotes.

  12. Prokaryote Characteristics • All prokaryotes have the following: cell membrane –surrounds and controls what enters and leaves cell cytoplasm ribosomes- makes protein cell wall DNA – circular loop found in a region called the nucleoid

  13. Prokaryote Characteristics • What bacteria don’t have - nucleus - membrane bound organelles

  14. Eukaryotes - True Kernal Eu = true Karyote = kernal – refers to the nucleus Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes prokaryotes appeared 3.8 billion years ago eukaryotes appeared 1.5 billion years ago Types of Eukaryotes – Plants, Animal, Fungi, Protists

  15. Eukaryotes Similarities, all eukaryotes have: Cell membrane – surrounds cell controls what enters and leaves cell Cytoplasm Nucleus membrane bound structure that houses and protects the DNA Linear DNA Ribosomesmake protein Organellesstructure within the cell which perform specialized functions for the cell example: mitochondria break down biomolecules to produce energy (ATP) for the cell

  16. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Size 0.3 – 5.0 microns Size 10 – 50 microns

  17. Endosymbiont Theory

  18. EndosymbiontTheory • Explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts - chloroplasts were once free living photosynthetic bacteria (prokaryotes) - they were engulfed by a larger cell - the photosynthetic bacteria produced food for the larger cell which protected it

  19. Mitochondria were once free living bacteria which were capable of aerobic cellular respiration - a larger cell engulfed them -the engulfed cells produced energy from food supplied by the large cell which protected them

  20. Some Evidence for the Endosymbiont Theory • both chloroplasts and mitochondria have circular DNA– like bacterial DNA • both are surrounded by 2 membranes 1 from the bacteria and 1 from the host – inner membrane is similar to that in prokaryotes • both are similar in size to bacteria • structure of chloroplasts similar to photosynthetic bacteria • Both contain ribosomes like those in prokaryotes • Both reproduce by binary fission like prokaryotes

  21. Photosynthetic Chloroplast Bacteria

  22. What Do I Need to Know? (besides all of it?) Cell Theory – know all three parts Compound Light Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Prokaryote - Characteristics Eukaryote - Characteristics Endosymbiont Theory – What it is Endosymbiont Theory - Evidence

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