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How has the education of women changed?. Hannah Aliyetti. Objectives. How has education of women progressed over time? What is Title IX? How has it affected people?. Pearl Arredondo. Gang member at a young age in LA Many teachers looked down on her
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How has the education of women changed? Hannah Aliyetti
Objectives • How has education of women progressed over time? • What is Title IX? • How has it affected people?
Pearl Arredondo • Gang member at a young age in LA • Many teachers looked down on her • Said she was a “lost cause” and had “problems with authority” • Moved to schools (more than an hour away from her home)
Pearl Arredondo • Graduated high school • Attended college • Worked as a special edassistant • Multimedia Academy for low-income students • Created her San Fernando Institute for Applied Media
Colonial Times • Reading and writing • No further education for girls • Boys were allowed if there was space
Office of Education: Supervising Women Workers (1944) http://youtu.be/h3uDEtczH3w?t=2m28s
Common Jobs for Women Early Years • Homemakers • Encouraged to take certain classes • Home economics • Sewing • Cookings • Commercial • Clerical work • Book keeping • Accounting • Etc.
Common Jobs for Women Early Years • Industrial education • Only taught at specialized schools • Could be taught to women
Secondary Education • Mid-1800’s – colleges for girls • Oberlin College – Ohio (1833) • Restricted courses women could take • Directed toward motherhood • First woman got degree in 1862 • Late 1800’s – Mid 1960’s: colleges began to transition to co-ed • Feared women would be corrupted, masulinized, harmed, unfit mothers and wives, etc.
Legislation • 1800’s – marriage bars • Women could not be hired if married or would be fired • Brown vs. Board of Education • Title IX • 1996 Ruling on VMI – could not remain a same-sex school
Title IX – What is it? • Signed by Nixon in 1972 • 40 year anniversary in 2012 • Does not allow discrimination of gender in education and federally funded activities
What does it affect? • Athletic sports in high school • then <300,000 • now >3 million
Requirements for Title IX • Opportunities for female students to participate • Scholarships for all (if they are allowed to men) • Equal treatment between genders
3-part test for Compliance • Number of male and female athletes correspond to enrollment • History of program expansion for underrepresented gender • Accommodations for underrepresented gender
Discussion • Do you know of any friends or family (or yourself personally) that were directly affected by Title IX? • What do you think our society would be like if Title IX was not passed? • What are some other activities that Title IX may affect besides sports?
Works Cited • Arredondo, P. (May 2013). Pearl Arredondo: My story, from gangland daughter to star teacher. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/pearl_arredondo_my_story_from_gangland_daughter_to_star_teacher.html • Buchanan, Maggie (Fall 2012). A brief history and look forward. Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law. 14(1):91-93. • Rury, J. (Spring 1984). Vocationalismfor home and work: women's education in the United States, 1880–1930. History of Education Quarterly 24(1): 37.
TitleIX Turns 40: A Brief History and Look Forward.Authors:Buchanan, Maggie Jo Poertner • Buchanan, Maggie (Fall 2012). A brief history and look forward. Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law. 14(1):91-93. • National Women’s History Museum (2007). http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/education/introduction.html