Fig. 15-0a

1. Fig. 15-0a

2. Fig. 15-0b

3. Fig. 15-0c

4. Fig. 15-1

5. Fig. 15-2

6. Fig. 15-3a

7. Fig. 15-3b-1 Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” Monomers 1

8. Fig. 15-3b-2 Assembly of a complementary RNA chain, the first step in replication of the original “gene” 2 Formation of short RNA polymers: simple “genes” Monomers 1

9. Phanerozoic eon Cenozoic Meso- zoic Fig. 15-4 Humans Paleozoic Colonization of land Origin of solar system and Earth Animals 1 4 Archaean eon Proterozoic eon years ago Billions of 3 2 Multicellular eukaryotes Prokaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen

10. Fig. 15-5 1 – 2 Fraction of Carbon-14 remaining 1 – 4 1 – 8 1 –– 16 1 –– 32 11.4 22.8 28.5 0 5.7 17.1 Time (thousands of years)

11. Fig. 15-6

12. Fig. 15-6a

13. Fig. 15-6b

14. Fig. 15-7a North American Plate Eurasian Plate Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Arabian Plate Indian Plate Cocos Plate South American Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate African Plate Australian Plate Scotia Plate Antarctic Plate

15. Present Fig. 15-7b Cenozoic Eurasia North America 65.5 Africa India South America Madagascar Australia Antarctica Laurasia 135 Gondwana Mesozoic Millions of years ago 251 Pangaea Paleozoic

16. Fig. 15-7c

17. Fig. 15-7d North America Asia Europe Africa South America Australia = Living lungfishes = Fossilized lungfishes

18. San Andreas Fault Fig. 15-8 North AmericanPlate San Francisco Santa Cruz Pacific Plate Los Angeles California

19. Fig. 15-8a

20. Fig. 15-9 North America Chicxulub crater • Yucatán Peninsula Yucatán Peninsula

21. Fig. 15-9a Yucatán Peninsula

22. Fig. 15-9b

23. Fig. 15-10 Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Reptilian Ancestor Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (placental mammals; 5,010 species) 100 0 250 200 150 50 Millions of years ago

24. Gills Fig. 15-11a

25. Fig. 15-11b Chimpanzee adult Chimpanzee fetus Human fetus Human adult

26. Fig. 15-11c Missing pelvic spine

27. Fig. 15-12 Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Light-sensitive cells Light-sensitive cells Fluid-filled cavity Cornea Lens Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Eye cup Retina Nerve fibers Nerve fibers Optic nerve Optic nerve Optic nerve Eye cup Patch of light- sensitive cells Simple pinhole camera-type eye Eye with primitive lens Complex camera-type eye Limpet Marine snail Abalone Nautilus Squid

28. Light-sensitive cells Fig. 15-12a Nerve fibers Patch of light- sensitive cells Limpet

29. Light-sensitive cells Fig. 15-12b Eye cup Nerve fibers Eye cup Abalone

30. Fluid-filled cavity Fig. 15-12c Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Optic nerve Simple pinhole camera-type eye Nautilus

31. Transparent protective tissue (cornea) Fig. 15-12d Lens Layer of light-sensitive cells (retina) Optic nerve Eye with primitive lens Marine snail

32. Cornea Lens Fig. 15-12e Retina Optic nerve Complex camera-type eye Squid

33. RECENT Equus Hippidion and other genera PLEISTOCENE Nannippus Fig. 15-13 Pliohippus Neohipparion Hipparion PLIOCENE Megahippus Sinohippus Callippus Archaeohippus Merychippus MIOCENE Anchitherium Hypohippus Parahippus Miohippus OLIGOCENE Mesohippus Paleotherium Epihippus Propalaeotherium Pachynolophus Orohippus EOCENE Grazers Browsers Hyracotherium

34. Fig. 15-14

35. Species: Felis catus Fig. 15-15a Genus: Felis Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

36. Genus Order Family Species Fig. 15-15b Felis catus (domestic cat) Felidae Felis Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Mephitis Mustelidae Carnivora Lutra lutra (European otter) Lutra Canis latrans (coyote) Canis Canidae Canis lupus (wolf)

37. Fig. 15-16a Iguana TAXA Duck-billed platypus Kangaroo Iguana Beaver Duck-billed platypus Long gestation 0 0 1 0 Hair, mammary glands Kangaroo CHARACTERS Gestation 0 0 1 1 Gestation Hair, mammary glands Beaver 0 1 1 1 Long gestation Phylogenetic Tree Character Table

38. TAXA Duck-billed platypus Fig. 15-16aa Iguana Beaver Kangaroo Long gestation 0 0 1 0 CHARACTERS Gestation 0 0 1 1 Hair, mammary glands 0 1 1 1 Character Table

39. Iguana Fig. 15-16ab Duck-billed platypus Hair, mammary glands Kangaroo Gestation Beaver Long gestation Phylogenetic Tree

40. Lizards and snakes Fig. 15-16b Crocodilians Pterosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs Birds

41. Front limb Fig. 15-16c Hind limb Eggs

42. Lesser panda Procyonidae Raccoon Fig. 15-17 Giant panda Spectacled bear Ursidae Sloth bear Sun bear American black bear Asian black bear Polar bear Brown bear 35 30 25 20 15 10 Pleistocene Miocene Oligocene Pliocene Millions of years ago

43. 0.20 Fig. 15-18 0.15 Differences between HIV sequences 0.10 Computer model of HIV 0.05 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

44. 1 Most recent common ancestor of all living things 2 Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes Fig. 15-19a Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestor and ancestor of green plants 3 Bacteria 3 2 1 Eukarya Archaea 1 0 4 3 2 Billions of years ago

45. Eukarya Fig. 15-19b Bacteria Archaea

46. Fig. 15-UN1 1.2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 2.1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants, and animals 3.5 bya: First prokaryotes (single-celled) .5 3.5 2 1.5 0 3 2.5 4 1 Billions of years ago (bya)

47. Fig. 15-UN2

48. Fig. 15-UN3 (a) (d) (b) (c)

49. Systematics generates hypotheses for constructing traces Fig. 15-UN4 evolutionary relationships shown in (a) based on using (b) cladistics seen in analysis identifies nucleotide sequences must distinguish from shared ancestral characters (f) using determine sequence of branch points (e) (c) (d)

50. Fig. 15-UN5 Outgroup