Fig. 34-0a

1. Ecology and the biosphere Fig. 34-0a

2. Ecology describes the interaction among organisms and environment Biotic – biological community of organisms Fig. 34-1c Abiotic – physical and chemical envrionment (climate, soil, air, water)

3. North Pole 60°N Low angle of incoming sunlight The climate drives the composition of biological communities 30°N Tropic of Cancer Fig. 34-5a Sunlight strikes most directly 0° (equator) Tropic of Capricorn 30°S Low angle of incoming sunlight 60°S South Pole Atmosphere

4. March equinox (equator faces sun directly) June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) Fig. 34-5b Constant tilt of 23.5° December solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) September equinox

5. Fig. 34-5c Descending dry air absorbs moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Trade winds Trade winds Doldrums 0° 23.5° 23.5° 30° 30° Temperate zone Tropics Temperate zone

6. Global wind patterns Fig. 34-5d

7. Global ocean currents (here shown for Atlantic Ocean) Fig. 34-5e

8. Climate is an important adaptive feature for all organisms Fig. 34-5f Wind direction East Pacific Ocean Rain shadow Desert Sierra Nevada Coast Range

9. The ecological niche is the result of adaptation of organisms to community and environment High water Low water Pelagic realm Fig. 34-6a Man-of-war (to 50 m) Oarweed (to 2 m) Turtle (60 to 180 cm) Photic zone Brain coral (to 1.8 m) Intertidal zone Phytoplankton Zooplankton Blue shark (to 2 m) 200 m Continental shelf Sponges (1 cm to 1 m) Sperm whale (10 to 20 m) “Twilight” Sea pen (to 45 cm) Hatchet fish (2 to 60 cm) Octopus (to 10 m) Aphotic zone 1,000 to 4,000 m Gulper eel (to 180 cm) Sea spider (1 to 90 cm) Benthic realm Rat-tail fish (to 80 cm) (seafloor) Glass sponge (to 1.8 m) No light Anglerfish (45 cm to 2 m) Brittle star (to 60 cm) 6,000 to 10,000 m Sea cucumber (to 40 cm) Tripod fish (to 30 cm)

10. Terrestrial biomes Arctic circle Fig. 34-8 60°N 30°N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30°S High mountains Tropical forest Temperate grassland Savanna Polar ice Temperate broadleaf forest Desert Coniferous forest Chaparral Tundra

11. Tropical forest Fig. 34-9 Near equator, warm, rain, dense tree growth, canopies

12. Savanna Fig. 34-10 Grass lands with scattered trees, periods of drought

13. Desert Fig. 34-11 Dryness, periodic rainfall, large temperature fluctuations

14. Chaparral Fig. 34-12 Shrubs, rainy winters, dry summers (Mediterranian)

15. Grassland Fig. 34-13 Temperate grassland, tree less, cold winters, fires

16. Temperate forest Fig. 34-14 Broad leaf trees, cold winter, hot summer, rain

17. Coniferous forest Fig. 34-15 Pine trees, cold winter, short wet summer, few tree species

18. Tundra Fig. 34-16 Tree less, little light, permafrost, shrubs, grasses, mosses, lichens

19. Global water cycle – connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes Solar heat Net movement of water vapor by wind Water vapor over the land Water vapor over the sea Fig. 34-17 Precipitation over the land Precipitation over the sea Evaporation from the sea Evaporation and transpiration Oceans Surface water and groundwater Flow of water from land to sea