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TACKLING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

TACKLING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS. Clarissa Augustinus, PhD Chief, Land and Tenure Section Shelter Branch, UN-HABITAT. Introduction. The global urban challenge The informal settlement (slums) challenge UN-HABITAT campaigns Some facts on slums -international & Africa The Kenyan challenge

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TACKLING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

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  1. TACKLING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Clarissa Augustinus, PhD Chief, Land and Tenure Section Shelter Branch, UN-HABITAT

  2. Introduction The global urban challenge The informal settlement (slums) challenge UN-HABITAT campaigns Some facts on slums -international & Africa The Kenyan challenge Global land tool network Pro poor land tenures Pro poor spatial information

  3. GLOBAL POPULATION URBAN/RURAL RURAL 63% URBAN 37% RURAL 53% URBAN 47% RURAL 40% URBAN 60% 1970 2000 2030

  4. SLUM DWELLERS AS % OF THE URBAN POPULATION: BY REGION (2001)

  5. UN-HABITAT’s policy work • Global Campaign for Secure Tenure • Security of Land, Tenure and Property Rights • Opposing Forced Evictions • Promoting Sustainable Shelter Policies • Global Campaign on Urban Governance • Capacity Building for Local Authorities • Eradication of Poverty through improved Urban Governance • Planning for Sustainable Urbanisation

  6. Definition of a slumFROM ‘GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2003’ BY UN-HABITAT Inadequate drinking water supply Inadequate sanitation Poor structural quality of housing Overcrowding Insecurity of tenure MDG Goal 7 Target 11, Indicator 32 -no. of households with secure of tenure

  7. Key findings: Slum dweller numbersFROM ‘GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2003’ BY UN-HABITAT 924 million people, i.e. 32 per cent of the world’s total urban population, lived in slums in 2001 Slum dwellers increased by at least 36 per cent during the 1990s (based on comparison between global urban population growth and trends in low-income housing development) Global number of slum dwellers likely to increase to about two billion by 2030 if no serious action is taken to improve the lives of slum dwellers and prevent the formation of new slums

  8. Trends in slum dwellers, 1990s: Sub-Saharan Africa and Arab States from ‘GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2003’ BY UN-HABITAT Considerable housing stress Rents and prices rose Occupancy rates increased Slum dwellers increased in most cities Slum improvement very slow

  9. Informal settlements in Kenya • Some 60% of citizens of Nairobi live and work in informal settlements • Located on public land not assigned for specific use or private land awaiting planned development • Problems include: • Overcrowding; up to 1,200 people live per square hectare • Lack of basic services and infrastructure; health issues a concern with little/difficult access to water, sanitation facilities • Tenants; settlers negotiate informal agreements and thus are guaranteed no services, standards or maintenance

  10. Kenya slum upgrading programme • Joint initiative of the Government of Kenya and UN-HABITAT • Goal - improve security of tenure, housing, infrastructure and the overall livelihoods of people working and living in the informal settlements in Nairobi • Method - working with relevant stakeholders to strengthen institutional arrangements and secure policy reforms for city-wide slum upgrading

  11. Way forward/Recommendations • Existing settlements should be recognized and have access to secure tenure forms • Land delivery systems must be streamlined and transparent • Participatory approaches for physical planning and upgrading of informal settlements • Suitable land needs to be made available for low-income housing development • Introduction of appropriate planning, shelter and infrastructure standards • Mobilization of local resources for low-income housing

  12. Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) GLTN is an attempt to create a comprehensive global focus to move the land agenda forward. Mission statement: Develop pro poor gendered land tools Unblock existing initiatives, add value Research, documentation, dissemination Strengthen global comprehensiveness (Paris Declaration) Improve security of tenure for the poor (Global Campaign on Secure Tenure) MDG goals - indicators/benchmarks

  13. Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) GLTN objective: To facilitate the attainment of the Millennium Declaration through improved land management and tenure tools for poverty alleviation and by strengthening the global comprehensiveness on land GLTN core values: Pro-poor, Governance, Equity, Subsidiarity, Affordability, Systematic large scale approach, Gender sensitiveness

  14. Core themes of GLTN • Six themes on land tool development: • 1. Land rights and records • 2. Land information/planning • 3. Land management/administration • 4. Land law and enforcement • 5. Land tax/valuation • 6. Cross cutting issues

  15. GLTN aims to establish: Continuum of land rights, rather than just focus on individual land titling; Supported by the International Federation of Surveyors 13/14 countries in Africa with pro poor tenures Improve and develop pro poor land management as well as land tenure tools to assist countries working on pro poor tenures Assist in the development of gendered tools which are affordable and useful to the grassroots; Improve the general dissemination of knowledge about how to implement security of tenure.

  16. Common Urban Land Tenures • Land titles & formal leases/rental, land & buildings, individual & group • Adapted customary (Africa, Yemen, Indonesia etc.) • Informal -individual, group, religious • Informal -unregularised sub-divisions (planning), land invasions, unofficial rentals. • Informal -multiple forms on 1 plot • Varying degrees legality/illegality

  17. Continuum of land rights 1) Land titles 2) Intermediate tenure options -temporary occupancy licenses, private land leases, declaration of possession, occupancy rights, Home Owners Associations, anti-eviction rights, adverse possession rights 3) Increase of de facto security -politicians/national governments statements, infrastructure delivery

  18. Pro poor spatial information 1) GIS/LIS for land management cadastral parcel based information 2) Pro poor tenures need new types of spatial information systems 3) Informal settlements need new types -geo-codes, parcel & non parcel 4) Applications for pro poor property management (1 to many, many to many, many to 1)

  19. Conclusions • New thinking -FIG-UNHABITAT partners within GLTN developing pro poor tenures, forms of land administration and spatial information as part of GLTN • Working with countries to find best practices (e.g Uganda, Tanzania) • Kenya new land policy opportunity to serve the majority, including those in informal settlements • Challenge to Kenya land professionals to think out of the box in developing approaches to implement the new land policy.

  20. TRENDS IN SLUM DWELLER NUMBERS, 1990s: ASIAFROM ‘GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2003’ BY UN-HABITAT • General improvement in housing standards • Formal house construction kept pace with urban growth in some countries • But slums dwellers still increased, especially in South Asia, mainly due to rapid urbanization

  21. TRENDS IN SLUM DWELLERS NUMBERS, 1990s: LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANFROM ‘GLOBAL REPORT ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2003’ BY UN-HABITAT • Significant wholesale tenure regularization in some countries • Urbanization reached saturation levels (80%) • Slum formation slowed • Housing deficits still high • Slums prominent in most cities

  22. GLOBAL POPULATION URBAN/RURAL RURAL 63% URBAN 37% RURAL 53% URBAN 47% URBAN 60% 2000 1970

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