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ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR. A PRESENTATION BY Dr Kathleen Allen-Ferdinand. “What I don’t know can’t hurt me!”. No longer true What you don’t know can KILL you Technology has changed the way we think and relate to one another Influence of peers has increased

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ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

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  1. ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR A PRESENTATION BY Dr Kathleen Allen-Ferdinand

  2. “What I don’t know can’t hurt me!” • No longer true • What you don’t know can KILL you • Technology has changed the way we think and relate to one another • Influence of peers has increased • Influence of parents has decreased

  3. What are some of the concerns of young people? • Experiencing low self esteem • Early sexual activity • Conflicting and incorrect information • Lack of direction & guidance • Poor facilities or opportunities to seek counsel on sexual issues or to express feelings, insecurities and needs.

  4. SEX-why all the fuss? The ultimate sales tool: • Clothes • Cars • Drinks (especially alcohol) • Food • Nail polish/make-up • Pharmaceutical drugs

  5. These give very little useful information-that is NOT their aim! Role of health & family life education and in fact the role as a parent, adult and health care provider is to provide: • Accurate information • Honest communication • Non-judgmental counsel • Respect and support

  6. SEXUALITY-What is it? NOT just SEX! Includes: • Our bodies & how they work • Whether we are a man or a woman • Our sexual preferences • Our value system, which includes views on life, love and relationships with other human beings

  7. How Do Our Bodies Work? 5 steps to a healthy body: • Good nutrition (foods high in fibre, low in fats and refined carbohydrates) +/- Multivitamins • Water • Exercise • Rest • Appropriate screenings

  8. MAN/WOMAN-Are we different? • YES! (Mars/Venus?) • Physical appearance • Hormonal production • Muscle mass:body fat ratio • Reproductive responsibilities • Socialization different

  9. SEXUAL PREFERENCES • Hetero-sexual “normal” • Homo-sexual “normal”/illegal in some countries • Bi-sexual “normal”/illegal in some countries • Masturbation “normal”/old wives tales • Paediophilia Unacceptable in most countries/illegal/mentally ill? • Necrophilia Illegal/mentally ill? • Bestiality Illegal/mentally ill?

  10. VALUE SYSTEM • Parents & grandparents • Religion/The Church • Culture/ Social structure • School/Educational levels • Youth groups/Peers • MEDIA • Role models

  11. Does this discussion start at college? Childhood: • Using correct terms for body parts • These are NOT “dirty” words • Asking questions and giving age appropriate answers • Encourage conversation generally especially about difficult topics e.g. sex & drug use

  12. TMI Too Much Information? • No such thing • Knowing about sex will not make you start or stop having sex • The more accurate the information that you have, the better you are able to handle the pressures of growing up

  13. Risks of early sexual activity • Pregnancy • Sexually transmitted infections • Cancer of the cervix • Loss of self esteem • Reduction in the human potential • Rape, Molestation & the cycle of Violence

  14. Teenage Pregnancy • </= 19 years of age • Accounts for about 22% live births in SKN • Does not take into account: • Teenagers having sex & using contraception • Teenagers having sex and terminating the pregnancies

  15. Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy • Peer pressure to have sex • Loss of credibility of “Value system” • Poor parenting/monitoring • Lack of access to and knowledge of contraception • Poor life/negotiating skills • Invulnerability of adolescence (“it won’t happen to me”) • Delayed gratification not taught/learned • Recognition that teenagers have a marketable tool • Need for $ • Social acceptance

  16. Teenage Pregnancy-the teenager Not ready/immature: Physically: traumatic birth & complications Emotionally: poor coping skills & complications Loss of youth….resentment Difficulty adjusting to adulthood Financially: neglect/need other sources of income…may not have the skills to earn….?do what you can

  17. Teenage Pregnancy: the family • Embarrassment • Feeling of failure • Sadness at loss of potential of child • Adjustment to young adult in household • Extra baby-sitting duties • Something for ‘grandma’ to do and someone to dote on who will look after ‘grandma’ in old age • Extra $ to the household

  18. Teenage Pregnancy-community • Unfair burden on social services (“child month march”/foster care/counseling services) • Justice department-child support • Shifting of income ‘curve’ to the left • Skills gap…social security burden • Having to deal with anti-social behaviour

  19. Teenage Pregnancy-the foetus • May not get to develop into baby (TOP) • May not be given best antenatal support • May develop pre-natal complications

  20. Teenage Pregnancy-Newborn After the novelty wears off….. • Regular positive stimulation may be missing • Passed from sitter to sitter • Left alone • Taken into town/music festival/the park • Poorly skilled child caring for child

  21. Avoiding the pitfalls-Options • Abstinence • Masturbation • Condoms • Other forms of birth control • ?One mutually monogamous partner

  22. Birth control Hormonal • Depot injection • Oral contraceptive pill Non-hormonal • Condom • IUCD • diaphragm

  23. What does STI (or STD) mean? Sexually Transmitted Infection (Disease) There are nine common STIs. These are caused by one of 4 organisms: • Bacteria • Viruses • Protozoa • Parasites

  24. Chlamydia (“NSU”) • One of the most common • 80% of women and 50% men infected with chlamydia have NO symptoms • If symptoms appear, they do so within 1 – 4 weeks after exposure • Women: vaginal discharge +/-odor, spotting, abdominal pain (=/-fever & nausea), burning sensation when urinating. • Men: testicular pain, burning sensation when urinating, watery penile discharge, often present only in the morning

  25. Chlamydia Transmission • Caused by direct contact of mucous membranes during sexual activity and can result when body fluids are exchanged • Mothers can transmit to their babies during childbirth, causing many of these babies to suffer from eye infections and a potentially fatal form of pneumonia • Having chlamydia does not make a person immune to future infections. This is true for all bacterial infections

  26. Chlamydia Treatment • Chlamydia is treated with antibiotic pills • E.G. Zithromax, Doxycycline • Essential to complete all the pills even if symptoms disappear • Sex should be avoided during treatment and until the doctor says the disease is cured (after a follow-up examination usually after 7 days of treatment)

  27. VIRAL STIs 4 viral STIs: genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis and HIV • Too small to be seen with ordinary microscope • Cannot reproduce on their own, so they take over living cells to make copies of themselves and these copies infect more cells. • Antibiotics do NOT work against viruses, but there are some anti-viral medications for some viruses and vaccinations for others • Once infected with a virus it lives forever in the body, often without symptoms • If strong enough, the body’s immune system may be able to control many viruses and it also makes special cells that prevent a person from catching the same virus more than once.

  28. Genital warts: (”condyloma”) Symptoms: • The period between getting infected and having symptoms may very from 3 weeks to many years • Warts appear on the genitals, sometimes internally where they cannot be seen • Can vary in size, colour and shape • Sometimes itch or feel sore, but usually there are no symptoms

  29. Genital warts Transmission: • Caused by Human papilloma Virus • Transmitted through sexual contact • Highly contagious • Can be transmitted from mothers to babies during birth • Many different strains of this virus exists, so can develop infection more than once

  30. Genital warts Treatment: • Difficult to treat. Warts may return and must be treated again • Treated by cryotherapy to destroy cells where the virus lives • Other treatment methods are: surgery, ointments, chemicals (e.g. podophyllin: toxic), electric heat (electrocautery) or lasers. • Untreated, the virus may lead to cancer of the cervix and uterus in women, which is why annual cervical (Pap) tests are encouraged in all women who have ever been sexually active.

  31. What causes cancer of the cervix? • Infection with HPV (Human Papilloma Viruses) • Passed from one person to another during sex. • Unprotected sex especially at a young age, makes HPV infection more likely.

  32. Who are at risk? ALL WOMEN who: • Began having sex at an early age • Have had many sexual partners and whose • Partners have had many sexual partners or previously partnered women who had cervical cancer HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF DVELOPING CERVICAL CANCER!

  33. Can Cervical Cancer be prevented? Most can be! There are two ways: • Prevent the pre-cancers from forming • Delay age of onset of sexual intercourse • Limit number of partners • Avoid sex with people who have had many other sexual partners

  34. Can Cervical Cancer be prevented? 2. Detect the pre-cancers before they become cancer • By having a Pap smear. • Treating any problems found, can stop the cervical cancer before it develops fully.

  35. What is the Pap smear & how is it done? • Simple, painless test to detect abnormal cells in and around the cervix • Done in a doctor’s office or health clinic • The nurse or doctor takes a sample of cells from the mouth of the womb. • The cells are placed on a glass slide and sent to the lab to be checked for abnormal cells.

  36. Is the Pap smear reliable: Can you trust the results? • When taken properly and thoroughly checked by the lab, it is very reliable. Sometimes the sample taken is not enough, so that it is hard to see early changes. Sometimes inflammation due to other causes may cover up early changes.

  37. What is the best time to go for a Pap smear? Between 10-20 days after the first day of the menstrual period

  38. Suppose the Pap smear is not normal! Don’t panic! The nurse or doctor will advise on what you need to do next. • Inflammation: This can be treated & the smear repeated in six months • Abnormal pre-cancerous cells: may need to have another test that looks more closely (colposcopy) or may take a small piece of the tissue for the lab to have a closer look (biopsy).

  39. And if the biopsy is abnormal? Depending on what exactly the biopsy shows, the doctor may remove the abnormal cells by • freezing (cryotherapy) • burning (laser) or • may cut it away (excision biopsy).

  40. What happens next? • Regular examinations and follow-up Pap smears to make sure that you do not have a problem, • Women who are at an increased risk of developing cancer of the cervix should be especially careful to follow their doctor’s advise about check-ups.

  41. Years from now….

  42. HIV AMANDA’S STORY

  43. There is a season for everything • A time to grow • A time to learn • A time to explore • A time to listen • A time to speak • A time to act • A time to work • A time to rest

  44. Thank you

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