Endocrine System

1. Endocrine System By Samantha Douglass & Ashley Walker

2. Information • Made up of endocrine glands that secrete hormones. • Uses the blood stream to get to the target cells • Is indirect control. And controls tissues regulatory actions and homeostasis. • It’s speed to get places is like mailing a letter • It has more sustained impulses • It is a “duct” less system. It gets secreted then heads directly to the blood stream.

3. Two Types of Hormones • Steroid hormones – made from cholesterol, it is lipid based. Small in size, proteins are synthesized as directed by the hormone. • Non – Steroid hormones – is amino Acid based, big in size. Uses the 2nd messenger system, and activates proteins.

4. Hormone: Estrogen Gland Source: Ovaries Targets: most bodies cells and female reproductive organs. Action: Develop of 2nd sex characteristics in females. Supports ova maturation. Works with Progesterone on breast development and menstrual cycles. Stimulus for release: Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone. Inhibition: Negative Feedback mechanism Hormone: Progesterone Gland Source: ovaries (corpus Luteum) Targets: uterus and mammary glands (breasts) Action: prepares uterine lining for fertilized egg, causes swelling of the breasts (works with prolactin) Stimulus for release: Luteinizing Hormone Inhibition: Negative Feedback mechanism. Reproductive System -- Ovaries

5. Reproductive System -- Testicles • Hormone: Testosterone • Gland Sources: Testicles • Targets: most body cells and seminiferous tubules • Action: stimulates production of sperm, 2nd sex characteristics of males, promotes protein synthesis in skeletal muscles (muscle bulk), repair, and maintenance. • Stimulus for Release: Luteinizing Hormone • Inhibition: Negative Feedback mechanism

6. Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH) Targets: all cells in the body Action: Stimulates growth and repair; binds to receptors on surface of liver cells; stimulates them to release insulin; like Growth-Factor-1 (GF-1) acts directly on ends of long bones. Release of this hormone is controlled by GH releasing hormone and GH release – inhibiting hormone. Hormone: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Targets: the follicle cells of the ovary and seminiferous tubules in the testis. Pituitary Gland -- Anterior

7. Hormone: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Target: Thyroid Action: Stimulates thyroid to secrete it’s own hormone (T3 & T4). Stimulus for release: The level of thyroid hormones in the blood. Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Targets: Adrenals Stimulates adrenal gland to produce cortisol hormone. Also produces aldosterone and testosterone. Pituitary Gland – Anterior (cont.)

8. Hormone: Prolactin (PRL) Targets: Breasts Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Stimulated (prolactin secretion) by TRH/repressed by estrogen and dopamine. Hormone: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Targets: Ovaries(women) and Testes(men). Controls reproductive functioning/sexual characteristics. Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone and sperm. Pituitary Gland – Anterior (cont.)

9. Pituitary Gland – Anterior (cont.) • Hormone: Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

10. Hormone: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete. Hypothalamus regulates ADH secretions. Hormone: Oxytocin (OT) Contracts smooth muscles in uterine wall, causing uterine contractions in later stages of childbirth. Pituitary Gland -- Posterior

11. Hormone: Aldosterone (zona glomerolus cortex) Gland source: Adrenal gland (cortex) Targets: Kidneys Action: increase sodium levels in blood and increases blood BP and water volume. Stimulus for release: Renin-Angiotension System. Hormone: Cortisol (Stress hormone) Gland Source: Adrenal gland (zona fasciculata) Targets: adipose tissue and liver. Action: Gluconeogenesis Stimulus for release: Stress Inhibition: Negative feedback mechanism Adrenal Gland

12. Hormone: Androgens Gland Source: Adrenal Medulla (zona reticularis) Targets: Ovaries and Testes. Action: Increase in cell metabolism, red blood cell production; in adults, plays role in sex drive, and provides female hormones after menopause. Stimulus: ACTH from pituitary. Inhibition: Negative Feedback. Hormone: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Gland Source: Adrenal Medulla 80% - 85% Epinepherine 15% - 20% Norepinephrine Targets: Heart; blood vessels; respiratory system; skeletal muscles; and liver Action: up blood sugar; up heart rate; up blood pressure; dialaate bronchii; and up blood flow to heart, brain, and muscles Stimulation for Release: Nerve impulses from sympathetic Nervous system Inhibition: Nerve impulses end, causes liver and kidneys to absorb the hormones Adrenal Gland

13. Hormone: Insulin Gland Source: Pancreas – Islets of Langerhans Targets: All body cells except liver, kidneys, and brain. Action: Lowers blood sugar Stimulus for Response: high blood sugar Inhibition: Negative feedback mechanism bases on low blood sugar Hormone: Glucagon Gland Source: Islet of Langerhans (pancreas) Targets: Liver and adipose tissue(fat) Action: “tells” liver to convert glycogen to glucose, increase blood sugar levels, and turn fat into glucose and turn protein into glucose. Stimulation for Release: low blood sugar Inhibition: Negative feedback mechanism Pancreas Gland

14. Parathyroid Gland • Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) • Gland Source: Parathyroid Gland • Target: Bones, Kidneys, and Intestine • Action: Controls amount of calcium in blood and bones • Stimulus for release: Stimulates osteoclasts to brake down and release calcium. • Inhibition: Negative Feedback mechanism